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Design Challenges and Routing Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks
1.Introduction
Over the decades, sensor technology is being extensively used to explore its potential in providing sustainable solutions to problems faced in many areas. There is a lot of research in WSNs that has covered many applications proving this technology to be very efficient. WSNs are spatially distributed sensors that cooperatively monitor different environmental conditions. Though these networks provide satisfactory performance, a few significant criticalities are to be focused on to yield enhanced performance from these networks. The criticality in using the WSNs lies in the energy consumption, time synchronization, and network durability. The energy consumed by the sensor nodes is due to data processing and data transmission to the sink.
1.1. Overview of Wireless Sensor Network
Sensor nodes are the required information detecting stations that are present in multiple numbers in a sensor network. They are lightweight, portable, and small in size. Each sensor node consists of transducer, microcomputer, power source, and transceiver. The transducer produces electrical signals supported by physical sensed effects and phenomena. Also, output of the sensor is processed and stored in the microcomputer. The central computer alerts the transceiver to send information to the computer. The sensors are battery-powered. The connection of the physical environment with the virtual digital world will be dominant soon due to the sharp WSN comes with a particular set of resource constraints like finite onboard battery power, constrained communication bandwidth, and limited processing ability. The fig.1 indicates the architecture of the Wireless Sensor Network considering a hierarchical routing scheme. To ensure minimum energy consumption, the group of sensor nodes collectively called clusters. CM represents Cluster Member of precise cluster, and CH stands for CH. The functionality of the CH includes data aggregation and communication with the sink. In WSN, CH must be labeled proficiently by considering concentration, centrality, and energy.
Fig 1 Architecture of WSN
1.2.Design Challenges
The scantiest resource of WSN nodes is energy, with which the period of WSNs is determined. Communication systems consume significantly more energy than computation systems. It is seen that sending one bit consumes some amount of energy. Therefore, communication protocol and computation techniques must be efficient. Based on the application area [5], these networks have multiple restrictions. Several complex factors influence routing protocols in WSNs that should overcome before economic communication is completed. The variety of the problems and routing challenges that influence the routing method in WSNs are as follows:
A. The Routing Protocol's Performance is impacted by the deterministic or randomized deployment of nodes in WSNs. Sensor nodes are randomly put in the area that needs to be sensed or monitored.  Optimal clustering is necessary if the resulting node distribution is not uniform to ensure network connectivity and energy efficiency.
B. The limited supply of sensor nodes' energy used to transmit information in a wireless environment, performing computations and energy consumption without losing accuracy. However, they need an entire battery lifetime. Therefore, the energy saving techniques of analysis and communication are needed.
C. The appliance and the time criticality of the information reporting are required in WSNs. Hybrid, event-driven, time-driven (continuous), query-driven are the categories that data reporting is often broken into. Data reporting models concerning energy consumption and route stability highly influence the routing protocol.
D. Certain sensor nodes may become deactivated or cease to function due to physical damage, power loss, or interference from the environment. When a large number of nodes fail, routing protocols and MACs must accommodate the establishment of new links and routes to the data collection base station, which is required to adjust the transmit powers and signaling rates of old links to save energy or rerouting packets through parts of the network with more available energy. As a result, numerous degrees of redundancy may be required when creating a fault-tolerant sensor network.
E. Quality of Service- Data must be reached within particular time duration from when it is sensed to the time required in some applications; otherwise, information is useless. Another condition for time dependent applications is bounded latency for data delivery.
1.3.Applications of WSN
There are various applications of WSNs; among them, the important ones are WSN tracking, monitoring, and controlling the areas where WSNs are used to monitor habitats, track objects, control nuclear reactors,...