Cost of Capital, Capital Structure, and Capital Budgeting Analysis 1. Purpose of the project: In this project, you are supposed to be a financial manager to apply the knowledge obtained from the...

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Cost of Capital, Capital Structure, and Capital Budgeting Analysis   1. Purpose of the project: In this project, you are supposed to be a financial manager to apply the knowledge obtained from the Financial Management (FINC6352) course to estimate the cost of debt, cost of preferred stock, cost of common equity, capital structure, and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for a publicly-traded corporation: AMGEN Inc. You will use the estimated WACC as the discount rate to perform capital budgeting analysis for a hypothetical project (the information is given below) that is under consideration by the selected company, and decide whether the project should be accepted.   2. Outline for the project: (1) Executive Summary (10 points) - Summarize the major findings, results, and the analysis of the report.   (2) Financial Ratio Analysis (40 points) You are expected to apply the knowledge obtained in Financial Management and Financial Statement Analysis (ACCT6351) to the key financial ratios of the selected company. - Perform trend analysis of the key financial ratios (i.e., liquidity ratios, asset management ratios, debt management ratios, profitability ratios, market value ratios) of the company. - Perform industry (or benchmark companies) comparison analysis of the key financial ratios of the company. - Based on the financial ratio analysis results, discuss/evaluate the financial performance of the company.   (3) Estimate Capital Structure (25 points) - Estimate the firm’s weights of debt, preferred stock, and common stock using the firm’s balance sheet (book value). - Estimate the firm’s weights of debt, preferred stock, and common stock using the market value of each capital component.   (4) Compute Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) (35 points) - Estimate the firm’s before-tax and after-tax component cost of debt; (Note: If the information about the current corporate tax rate is not available, you need to estimate the tax rate based on the historical tax payments). - Estimate the firm’s component cost of preferred stock; - Use three approaches (CAPM, DCF, bond-yield-plus-risk-premium) to estimate the component cost of common equity for the firm. - Calculate the firm’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) using the market-based capital weights.   (5) Cash Flow Estimation (40 points)  - We assume that the company of your choice is considering a new project. The project has 11 years’ life. This project requires initial investment of $780 million to purchase equipment, and $35 million for shipping & installation fee. The fixed assets fall in the 10-year MACRS class. The salvage value of the fixed assets is 12% of the purchase price (including the shipping & installation fee). The number of units of the new product expected to be sold in the first year is 2,860,000 and the expected annual growth rate is 8.5%. The sales price is $285 per unit and the variable cost is $220 per unit in the first year, but they should be adjusted accordingly based on the estimated annualized inflation rate of 2.0%. The required net operating working capital (NOWC) is 10% of sales. Use the corporate tax rate obtained in Step (4) for the project. The project is assumed to have the same risk as the corporation, so you should use the WACC you obtained from prior steps as the discount rate. Note: you may revise the partial model in the file Ch11 P18 Build a Model.xls on the website of the textbook for capital budgeting analysis, but you are NOT required to strictly follow the partial model. Actually, you are encouraged to build a better model by yourself. - Compute the depreciation basis and annual depreciation of the new project. (Please refer to Table 11A-2 MACRS Depreciation Percentages on P.496 of the textbook) - Estimate annual cash flows for the 11 years. - Draw a timeline of the cash flows.   (6) Capital Budgeting Analysis (40 points) - Using the WACC obtained from in Step (4) as the discount rate for this project, apply capital budgeting analysis techniques (NPV, IRR, MIRR, PI, Payback, Discounted Payback) to analyze the new project. - Perform a sensitivity analysis for the effects of key variables (e.g., sales growth rate, cost of capital, unit costs, sales price) on the estimated NPV or IRR in order to demonstrate the sensitivity of the model. The Scenario analysis of several variables simultaneously is encouraged (but not required). A document Sensitivity Analysis in Excel is provided in this learning module. It introduces the Data Table method that you can use for performing sensitivity analysis in Excel. - Discuss whether the project should be taken and summarize your report.   3. Other information regarding the project: (1) You need to submit a copy of your Word file AND the Excel file to the instructor. (2) Your project should be well-organized and typed in a Word document and attach the important tables with your report. The style and organization of the project is also very important. It accounts for 10 points. Do not directly copy any contents from any other resources. Do not analyze the companies that were recently used in the MBA Case Conferences, or other projects/courses that are highly related to this project. List the cited references in your project. Textbook: Brigham, E., & Ehrhardt, M. , Financial Management: Theory & Practice , 16th Ed. , Cengage Learning.
Answered Same DayApr 30, 2021

Answer To: Cost of Capital, Capital Structure, and Capital Budgeting Analysis 1. Purpose of the project: In...

Ashok answered on May 05 2021
150 Votes
2. (1) Executive Summary
AMGEN Inc. operates in biological products excluding diagnostic substances. Its approach is to understand complex diseases utilizing genetics and fundamentals of biology. Its annual revenues are $23.3 billion. It offers innovative medicine, research and manufacturing of medicines. It is listed on NASDAQ and trades under the name AMGN. Its share price as on 30 Apr 2020 is $259.69. All calculations are based on this price. If we look at the returns, the company has outperformed the industry with 81% ROE and 13% ROA. Thus, it has created enormous gains for the shareholders over the past 4 years. All financial parameters are better than industry average except the debt. Debt is higher than industry and has increased over past 4 years. The various ratios have been compared to industry average in the below table in section 2. For getting industry average, comparable company has been taken as Gilead Sciences Inc. Weights of debt and equity have been calculated based on book value and market value. Cost of capital has been estimated using three methods:
a. CAPM
b. DCF
c. Risk
free rate and risk premium (assuming risk premium of 7%)
Cost of equity for WACC calculation has been taken as the average of above three results. WACC. Cost of debt has been calculated using interest paid on debt. WACC would be
weight of equity*cost of equity + weight of debt*cost of debt
Cash flows have been estimated and 10 year MACRS depreciation method has been applied for calculating depreciation. NPV is arrived at using discount rate as WACC calculated in previous steps. Financial data has been taken from the balance sheet and income statement of AMGEN Inc. For calculating risk adjusted WACC, beta was unlevered using industry debt/equity and then re levered using the company’s debt/equity ratio. The resulting cost of equity was used to calculate risk adjusted WACC. This was used to calculate Risk adjusted NPV, IRR and Payback period. For doing sensitivity analysis, firstly, sales price was changed from base case to -20%, -10%, 0%, 10% and 20%. The resulting NPVs were recorded and the variance was noted. Similarly, variable cost and 1st year unit sales were changed and resulting NPVs were noted. For scenario analysis, NPVs for three cases – Best, Base and Worst was found out using the parameters provided (Sales Price, Variable Costs and Unit Sales). Coefficient of Variation was found out which revealed that it was a high risk project as the CV was above higher end of range (0.8 to 1.2). Beta was un levered and re levered to find out risk adjusted WACC, risk adjusted NPV, IRR and Payback period.
(2) Financial Ratio Analysis
Various ratios for AMGEN Inc. for FY-2019 are as follows:
Debt Equity Ratio = Total Debt/Total Equity
Interest coverage ratio = EBIT/Interest Expenses
Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities
Quick Ratio = Liquid assets/Current Liabilities
Operating Margin = Operating profit/Sales
ROE = Net Income/Shareholder’s equity
ROA = Net Income/Total Assets
Asset Turnover = Sales/Total Assets
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Sales/Avg. Inventory
Days Sales Outstanding = (Accounts Receivables/Sales)*365
EPS = Net Income/Total Shares
Book Value per share = Total Equity/Total Shares
Dividend yield ratio = Dividend paid per share/Market Price per share
Market/Book Value = Market Price per share/Book Value per share
Ratio Trends:
    
    
    AMGN INC
    
     
    Industry Average
    2019
    2018
    2017
    2016
    
    Debt-Equity Ratio
    0.38
    5.17
    4.31
    2.17
    1.60
    Bad
    Interest Coverage Ratio
    -9.5
    18.05
    12.96
    26.52
    15.52
    Good
    Current Ratio
    3.5
    1.44
    2.79
    5.49
    4.11
    Bad
    Quick Ratio
    2.0
    1.16
    0.64
    5.17
    3.59
    Good
    Operating Margin
    -43%
    41%
    44%
    44%
    43%
    Good
    ROE
    -248%
    81%
    67%
    8%
    26%
    Good
    ROA
    -150%
    13%
    13%
    2%
    10%
    Good
    Asset Turnover (days)
    0.36
    0.39
    0.36
    0.29
    0.30
    Okay
    Inventory Turnover
    36
    6.52
    8.08
    8.06
    8.38
    Bad
    Days Sale Outstanding
    56
    63
    55
    52
    50
    Bad
    EPS($)
    4.24
    13.26
    13.33
    2.74
    10.46
    Good
    Book Value per share($)
    18
    16.36
    19.85
    34.96
    40.47
    Okay
    Dividend Yield Ratio
    3.24%
    3%
    3%
    3%
    3%
    Okay
    Market/Book Value
    4.7
    14.41
    8.81
    4.66
    3.90
    Good
Industry Comparable taken is Gilead Sciences Inc.
Debt Equity Ratio
Debt equity ratio has increased consistently from 1.6 in 2016 to 5.17 in 2019. It is higher than industry (biological and chemicals) average of 0.38. An ideal debt/equity ratio is 2.0 but may vary from industry to industry. An optimum ratio ensures that weighted average cost of capital is minimized and firm value is maximized. AMGEN Inc’s debt seems to be very high and needs to be reduced in order to achieve a good capital structure.
Interest Coverage Ratio
Interest coverage indicates how well earnings are serving interest expense. This ratio jumped in 2017 but then declined again in 2018 due to higher interest expense. It has now stabilized at around 18.05 times. This is much better than industry average of -9.5. This indicates the company commands a better credit rating as it can serve the required interest 18 times with its present earnings. The industry has a negative interest coverage ratio indicating that most of the players in this industry are not even able to serve the interest requirements with their earnings. Thus, AMGEN has outperformed the industry on this parameter.
Current Ratio
Current ratio indicates current assets to current liabilities and has decreased over the past 4 years. It stands at 1.44 while industry average is 3.5. It measures a company’s ability to pay its short term obligations i.e. those due within an year. A lower than industry average ratio indicates risk of distress or default. AMGEN, thus needs to increase its ability to service short term debt.
Quick Ratio
Quick ratio indicates the ratio of liquid-able current assets to current liabilities. This has decreased over the years. It stands at 1.16 compared to industry average of 2.0. Quick ratio measures the company’s ability to service its short term obligations with its most liquid assets. It is also known as acid test ratio. It is a better ratio than current ratio as it takes into account cash and easily liquid-able assets to pay short term debt obligations. An ideal quick ratio is 1.0. Thus, AMGEN has an optimum quick ratio.
Operating Margin
Operating margin is steady at slightly above 41% compared to industry average of negative 43%. This indicates a positive operating cash flow for AMGEN with lower cost of operations compared to industry.
Return on Equity (ROE)
ROE has increased significantly from 26% to 81% over 4 years. The company has outperformed the industry which has negative ROE of 248%. ROE indicates management’s efficiency of utilizing assets to generate profits. ROE can be used to estimate future growth rates of stock and dividend. Investors would be more willing to invest in a company’s shares if the ROE is higher than industry average.
Return on Assets (ROA)
ROA has also increased from 10% to 13%. ROA has also outperformed the industry which has negative ROA of 150%. ROA indicates management’s efficiency to utilize its assets to generate earnings. Unlike ROE, ROA considers a company’s debt.
Assets turnover (Days)
Assets turnover ratio has increased from 0.3 days to 0.39 days. It is slightly better than industry average of 0.36. It indicates a company’s ability to generate revenues with its assets. A higher Asset Turnover Ratio means that the company is generating more revenue per dollar of assets.
Inventory Turnover Ratio
Inventory Turnover Ratio is at 6.52 compared to industry average of 36. It shows the number of times a company sells and replaces its inventory in a given duration. It helps the company to take better purchasing decisions. Since AMGEN has a low inventory turnover ratio, it indicates weak sales and/or excess inventory.
Days of Sales Outstanding (DSO)
It indicates the average number of days it takes for the company to collect payments. AMGEN’s days of sales outstanding have increased from 50 days to 63 days compared to industry average of 56 days. It indicates that the company is taking longer to collect the payments after sales are done. The company needs to improve its collections and review its credit terms with the customers.
Earnings per Share (EPS)
Earnings per Share of AMGEN are $13.26 compared to industry average of $4.24. This indicates that the company is providing better return to shareholders and the company’s shares command a higher price in the market.
Dividend Yield
Dividend yield is constant at 3% and is in line with the industry. A consistent dividend yield leads to higher investor confidence in the company.
Market to Book Value
Market to book value of the company is at 14.41 compared to industry average of 4.7. It indicates that the company commands a higher premium over book value in the market compared to its peers.
Financial and Investment Summary
AMGEN Inc. has performed well in most of the financial parameters including operating margin, net margin and Interest Coverage Ratio. The company needs to focus on reducing the debt level in order to optimize the cost of capital. The collections efficiency of the company also needs to be ramped up as it is lagging behind the industry in collecting payments from the customers. It needs to reduce its collections time to below industry average of 56 days.
On investment front, the company has delivered an exceptional performance as its ROE, ROA and EPS are way above industry standards. The industry is struggling to generate positive ROE and EPS but AMGEN Inc. has consistently generated positive ROE, ROA and EPS. Thus, the investment potential in the company is good from investor’s point of view.
3. Capital Structure of AMGEN Inc.
Reference: Balance Sheet of AMGEN Inc. Retrieved from http://investors.amgen.com/financial-information/fundamentals/balance-sheet
For the year ending Dec 2019,
Total Assets = $59,707 mn
Total debt = short term liabilities + long term liabilities = $50,034 mn
Common stock = $31,531 mn
Common Shares outstanding = 591.4 mn
Shareholders equity = Total assets – Total liabilities = $9,673 mn
Book value per share = shareholder’s equity/total shares = 9673/591.4 = $16.4
Market value per share = $235.69 as on 30 Apr’20
There are no preferred stocks.
Based on book value,
Weight of equity = Total Equity/Total Assets = 9673/59707 = 16.2%
Weight of debt = Total debt/Total Assets = 50034/59707 = 83.8%
Weight of common stock = 31531/59707 = 52.8%
Market value of equity = 235.69*591.4 = $139,387 mn
Thus, AMGEN Inc’s capital structure consists of 16.2% equity and 83.8% debt based on book values.
Based on market value,
Weight of equity = 139,387/(139,387+50,034) = 73.6%
Weight of debt = 50034/(139,387+50,034) = 26.4%
Thus, AMGEN Inc’s capital structure consists of 73.6% equity and 26.4% debt based on market values.
4. Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
Based on average of past 4 years, expected income...
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