SECTION A. SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS. Directions : Respond succinctly to two of the following questions. 4-5 sentences max for each answer. (10 pts each = 20 points) Why, briefly, was Kwame Nkrumah more...

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SECTION A. SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS.




Directions


: Respond succinctly to


two


of the following questions. 4-5 sentences max for each answer. (10 pts each = 20 points)



  1. Why, briefly, was Kwame Nkrumah more successful than earlier generations of African political leaders in persuading/forcing the British to grant the Gold Coast its independence?

  2. Briefly, why was Congo’s first PM Patrice Lumumba assassinated?

  3. Briefly, when and why did Biafra secede from Nigeria?

  4. How did the terms of the Evian Agreements of 1962 reflect France’s ‘special’ relationship with Algeria during the preceding 100+ years?

  5. Briefly list 3 or 4 reasons why some scholars hesitate to apply the blanket term ‘genocide’ to the 1994 events in Rwanda.

  6. Briefly, why did the international community support the apartheid government of South Africa for so long?




SECTION B. 3-4 PAGE ESSAYS




Directions:



Answer


two


of the following questions. Think broadly and creatively, but be sure to use specific evidence/examples from our course material to support your arguments. Length: 3-4 pages each, double-spaced. (40 points each = 80 points)



  1. The clash between Western culture and African culture—often depicted as a clash between ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’, even within African societies themselves—has been a recurring theme in our course this semester. What have you learned about the various ways Africans embraced or rejected, sought to incorporate or to refashion Western institutions, technologies, ideas or values to serve their own purposes? Be sure to sprinkle your essay with specific examples from our lectures, readings, and recitation discussions.

  2. How would you begin to write a history of ‘violence’ as an underlying theme in modern African history from the time of the Scramble for Africa through the first forty years of African independence? What key examples would you select to highlight the multiple forms and functions of violence deployed by various African and ‘foreign’ actors at different moments in the continent’s modern history, and how important do you think such violence was in achieving the goals of those actors?

  3. Since its origins in the nineteenth century, the idea of ‘pan-Africanism’ has evolved and taken different forms as successive generations of Africans have faced a variety of historical circumstances and challenges. After defining ‘pan-Africanism’, use your essay to describe its multiple manifestations over the past 150 years and to speculate on why it seems to have always been more powerful as an idea than as a political reality in the continent’s modern history.

Answered Same DayDec 07, 2021

Answer To: SECTION A. SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS. Directions : Respond succinctly to two of the following questions....

Somudranil answered on Dec 13 2021
149 Votes
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Title: Questions
Table of Contents
Short Questions    3
Long Questions    5
Works Cited    10
Short Questions
a) Kwame Nkrumah happened to be successful in his way of forming a political party and was successful than other leaders. With the formation of his party he has ensured the unification of the people with utmost finesse. The one thing that he ensured that the unification took place in accordance to the ideals pertaining to negritude and all other definitive facets. This is how he ensured the proponent concerning the prospect of Pan Africanism (Hargrove). It is in this regard; the eliminated competition is mandated by banning all the political parties. Consequently, what Nkrumah ensured the parties had to be regionally based.
b) It is in the year 1959, Lumumba, ousted as the leader pertaining to the MNC shed light on the aspect of him being arrested. It was so because he incited a riot an anti-colonial one at the very heart of Stanleyville. This led to the situation where almost 30 people lost their lives (ETAMBALA). This is exactly how political horizons concerning Lumumba extended almost to the horizons far beyond that of Congo. This led to the situation where he fell in a situation that led to a wider wave pertaining to the African nationalism that swept the continent. It was the resultant situation of proposals that were based on progressive populist aspects of Lumumba. This showed the opposition relating to secessionist movement of Katanga. Now this was led white race states existing in southern Africa. Though it proclaimed its independence from Congo it fumed the array pertaining to local as well as foreign interests. In addition to this, the companies that extracted the mineral resources of Congo as well as the Belgian Colonial states were fumed and retorted at Lumumba. Thereby leading to a situation where the state issued a ban on him and consequently leading to the capital punishment where he was put before the firing squad and butchered in broad hour of the day.
c) In the year Briar finally seceded from Nigeria on 26th of May. It was during this year that the Eastern Region consequently voted for mandating secession from Nigeria. It was soon after Four days later, that Ojukwu went on to take a unilateral decision. It is in this regard that the state went on to declare the independence pertaining to the Republic of Biafra (Falola). It resulted in the citing of Easterners killing relating to the violence concerning the post-coup state and this was seen as reasons concerning the declaration pertaining to independence. In addition to this, the two coups had been functional in deepening the ethnic tensions of Nigeria. This resulted in the dire constraints pertaining to impediments that led to the situational discomfort of secession movement. The anti-lgbo pogroms was another aspect that led to the secession movement. Along with this they gained control over the production of oil pertaining to the Nigerian Delta, thereby shedding light on it being a vital role in the propagation of the secession movement.
d) The relationship propagated despite the situation of development that had been going on for over a hundred years. There was a situation of two world wars that finally found its negotiation in the year 1962 (Hubbell). The popular referendum back then in 1962 had been seen as something inevitable. However, the formulation of the Evian Accords gave France a privileged position, since the independence appeared to be far less certain almost a year before the war. This peace treaty became the sole fulcrum of the dire situation that landed into the state of negotiation. It was due to this that the Algerian war was finally stalled and consequently resolved because of the diplomatic agreement. Furthermore, Algeria had existed to be the most entrenched settler of France. Therefore, it invaded in the year 1830 and as a result the littoral pertaining to the colony became part of the administration pertaining to Metropolitan France.
e) The reasons are provided as follows:
· It was because of the impact pertaining to Somalia in the year 1993 that shed light on the Tutsi population pertaining to Rwanda was observed to be a target relating to this extermination (Kang)..
· Somalia was instead ruled by warlord in the 1990s which led to a widespread apprehension
· The United States had a conflict with UN where they wanted to gain...
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