A four pages Q&A request

1. IPV – questioning: with other vaccines. In this case, a child might receive a fifth dose of IPV.
IPV is given to children at 2, 4, 16-18 months and 4-6 years of age to prevent polio. Sometimes vaccinations are given in combinations to the children along with IPV. In that case the child will receive 5th dose of IPV and this dose is considered as safe.
2. SBAR Findings
S-problem/ situation of patient
B-family & medical history
A-Assessment Present condition
R- recommendations of treatment
is an assessment framework which helps the healthcare professional to communicate with the patient to develop a framework to improve the patient health outcomes.
3. Sleep & exercise
Exercise is a nonpharmacologic treatment which improves the sleep patterns and adapts the individual to physically active lifestyle (Kline, 2014).
4. Suctioning
Suctioning is the mechanical aspiration which helps to remove mucus from lungs to clear the airways.
5. Community Health/ Fundamentals Medical Surgical – Basic Nursing Skills/ Eliminations – Home Health -Suprapubic catheter
Suprapubic catheter is a tube used to drain urine from the bladder for those urinary incontinence, urine retention, other health problem and some surgery (Feneley et.al., 2015).
6. Community Health/ Fundamentals Medical Surgical – Basic Nursing Skills/ Eliminations/Safety- Disaster- Diarrhea cause.
Natural Disasters may result in the contamination of water and food by various pathogens and poor hygiene will result in Diarrhea. Severe Diarrhea is associated with the increased dehydration and fluid loss from the body.
7. Community Health/Medical Surgical –Reproductive - Secondary prevention-STI
Secondary STI prevention is the prevention of disease from the already infected persons. The secondary STI prevention can be prevented by the identification of early diagnosis, Targeted therapy, sexual health education and partners management (Suligoi & Giuliani, 2000).
8. Critical Care - Respiratory - ET-hypoxemia
Low saturations of the oxygen levels in the blood is called hypoxemia. This is due to imbalance between lung ventilation and blood flow (Bhutta et.al., 2022).
9. Critical Care - Trauma Emergency - Case manager-role
Trauma Emergency case manager role is to provide clinical care, coordinate and communicate with various emergency departments to provide critical care.
10. Critical Care Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills Safety ICU psychosis
ICU psychosis is defined as the brain dysfunction leading to the psychiatric disturbances and abnormal behaviour of the patients. One way is to minimize the symptoms by medication and the nonpharmacological treatment can be given by both physical therapy, assistance and mental support.
11. Critical Care/Fundamentals/Pediatrics/Pathophysiology/Pharmacology-Med Administration/Oral Meds- Poisoning-action
Medical tests such as blood test and Electrocardiogram (ECG) need to be performed.
The possible treatments such as activated charcoal, antidotes, sedatives, ventilator or by anti-epileptic medicine.
12. Critical Care Medical Surgical Cardiovascular Trauma Emergency/Immune Hematology Sepsis plan of care
The sepsis care plan includes the elimination of the infection, explain the procedure to the patient, maintaining the tissue volume and medications as prescribed by the doctor.
13. Fundamentals-Basic Nursing/ Nutrition/Safety – Tube Feeding Safety
The safety precautions that need to be followed in Tube feeding are usage of gloves, labelling the equipment with patient name and room number, avoid unnecessary touching of caps, container openings and spikes, proper documentation and details of nurse should be mentioned.
14. Fundamentals-Basic Nursing Skills Safety - Discard bloody gauze
The bloody gauze should be discarded in biohazardous linens red bag.
15. Fundamentals – Med Administration. Basic Nursing Skills/ Safe administration/safety IV Fluid tubing
1. Usage of sterile tubes
2. Monitoring every 1-2 hours
3. Ensure the device alarm or if the patient feel pain or discomfort
4. Review the type of solution
5. Unused IV site should be properly flushed for every 12 hours with saline.
6. children, elders, patients with complications should be monitored continuously.
16. Fundamentals Med Administration Math-IV- gtt/min
It depends on the total volume of fluid should be infused as per the time mentioned.
No. of drops per minute (gtt/min)- is calculated by
((infusion volume * drop factor)/ infusion time)
17. Fundamentals-Med Administration Math-IV-kg/mL.
The dose of the drug is calculated by using the patient weight in Kg. if the drug is 3 mg per kg and the patient weight is 80 kg the required dosage is 3 * 80 = 240 mg.
18. Fundamentals-Med Administration Math - PO-max safe dosage
Both the low and high doses of the drug is calculated to understand the max safe dosage as per the range of the recommended dosage.
19. Fundamentals Med Administration Math Injections/Safe administration- SUBQ-mcg/ml
The safe administration levels of the SUBQ-mcg/ml will be in between 1-2mL and SUBQ is used to treat diarrheal and for some tumors. The recommended doses daily are 100-500 mcg/mL in 2-4 doses.
20. Fundamentals Geriatrics-Basic Nursing Skills/Elimination-Constipation-Geri
This is the most common problem seen in in the elder patients and after a clear rectal observation and the present symptoms the patients are given medications and diet modification to improve their bowel movements.
21. Fundamentals Geriatrics - Basic Nursing Skills Elimination Mobility Safety-Call bell in place
Call bell in the hospital is being used by the people who have the cognitive impairments, poor vision and limited mobility for those who are in need (Duffy et.al., 2005). This will help for increased supervision that prevent the adverse events. Besides these call bells should be placed in the nearest vicinity of the patients for easy accessibility
22. Fundamentals Geriatrics Basic Nursing Skills/Safety - Confused client-postop GERI
This is most commonly observed among the elder patients who has been given with anesthesia during the surgery. Hence low doses of the haloperidol will be given to prevent the symptoms of delirium either orally or intravenously.
23. Fundamentals Geriatrics/Medical Surgical Pharmacology - Basic Nursing Skills/ Elimination – Laxative abuse
The patients with laxative abuse are treated by rehydration to stabilize both electrolytes and minerals as per the recommendations of the healthcare professionals. Besides, the patients with the laxative abuse will also suffer from psychological problems. To helps them the healthcare team along with the family should provide mental support to improve their self-confidence.
24. Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills/ Elimination - Stimulate voiding
Simulating voiding can be done by any of these techniques such as
1. Anal stretch is by relaxing abdominal corset and Valsalva.
2. Crede is the manual pressing of the bladder to empty the urine.
3. Tapping is also manual pressing above the bladder which helps to stimulate the detrusor muscle contractions and helps to void.
4. Valsalva increasing the pressure on the abdomen by bearing down.
25. Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills Elimination - Urine backup
Urine backup is known as the hydronephrosis which is due to improper kidney function due to some blockage by kidney stones, blood clots, tumors, UTI etc.
The diagnostic method used is by blood & urine tests, ultrasound, cystoscope, CT scan or MRI.
This can be treated by either surgery or by antibiotics. The urine backup can be drained by either catheter or by nephrostomy to prevent permanent damage to kidneys.
In Kidney failure condition the treatment is by either dialysis or by kidney transplant.
26. Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills Elimination – UTI
UTI is the bacterial infection to the urinary system which includes kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. UTI can be diagnosed by urinalysis, ultrasound, cystoscopy and CT scan. UTI can be treated by antibiotics such as amoxicillin, cephalosporins, Doxycycline etc. as per the doctor prescription
27. Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills Mobility - Skin-assess
blanching
Balancing is the obstruction of the blood flow which causes pain and redness and is due to erythema
28. Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills/Nutrition – Bariatric surgery-discharge teaching
Bariatric surgery will help to lose weight and the discharge instructions that should be followed for the first two weeks are
1. Moderate physical activity
2. Spirometer usage to enhance the breathing capacity
3. Don’t scrub on the incision until it gets healed.
4. Follow diet strictly as suggested by the doctor.
5. Educating the patient about the medication’s usage and their importance for which problem which medication need to be taken.
6. Multivitamin tablets need to be taken to overcome the deficiencies.
29. Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills/Nutrition - Visually impaired-feeding-UAP 
30. Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills/Safety Auto dysreflexia
It is a serious spinal cord injury which increases the hypertension, increased heartbeat or in some conditions it may cause stroke or cardiac arrest. The causative factors are kidney stones, sunburn, menstrual cramps, UTI etc. and this can be diagnosed by x-ray, ultrasound or blood and urine tests.
Treatment is by medication management and by educating the patients about Sit Up position, removing the tight clothes and suggesting to pee as soon as the bladder is full.
31. Fundamentals Medical Surgical-Basic Nursing Skills Safety-HF-Fluid Excess – POC
As the heart starts to fail, this results in the edema due to renal perfusion due to increased aldosterone production due to sodium and water retention. This is known as peripheral edema and diet modifications will be suggested to improve the condition of the patient along with medications.
32. No question
33. Fundamentals/Medical Surgical - Basic Nursing Skills/Safety Ventilator-open airway
Machine that helps the patient to breathe by artificial airway for those who are not able to breathe and suffering with chronic illness to improve the oxygenation. The precautions that need to be followed are:
1. Optimal position of the patient for inserting the oral airway.
2. Usage of the proper BLS airway adjuncts
3. Jaw-thrust maneuver for opening the airway.
4. Properly seal the mask on the patient face.
5. Ventilation for long inspiration times and required flow rate as per the optimal oxygenation.
6. Ensure the tube placement properly and maintain sterile environment to prevent the hospital acquired infections.
34. Fundamentals Medical Surgical Med Administration/Math/Injections SUBQ
units/ml. wt based
35. Fundamentals Medical Surgical - Med Administration/Safe administration Hypothyroidism-sedative
Before the administration of the healthcare worker should be careful because it is associated with the heart failure. The practice of superficial and deep cervical plexus blockage is not recommended for the hypothyroid patient.
The safest way recommended way is the general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation (Bajwa & Sehgal 2013).
36. Fundamentals/Medical Surgical Med Administration/Safe administration TURP-postop
Transurethral resection is the surgery used to treat enlarged prostate by using resectoscope to treat blocked urine flow. After the surgery, at the urinary catheter place swelling will be there and notices blood in the urine or associated symptoms.
Post-surgery it is suggested to drink excess water, eat high fiber foods, take medications, heavy physical activity should be avoided and driving is not recommended.
37. Fundamentals/Medical Surgical/Pharmacology-Med Administration/Safe administration-DVT-continuous heparin
Heparin is an anticoagulant and can be infused by intravenous administration. Generally low doses of the heparin will be prescribed to prevent the adverse effects of the side effects. Higher doses will cause bleeding.
38. Fundamentals/Medical Surgical/Pharmacology-Med Administration/Safe administration - Ondansetron after chemotherapy
Ondansetron is the most commonly prescribed drug for the patients after chemotherapy as a supportive care prophylactic therapy. It reduces the symptoms of Nausea and vomiting.
4mg or 8mg of the drug will be given for either 6 hours or 8 hours respectively.
39. Fundamentals/Medical Surgical Pharmacology-Med Administration/Safe administration - Transdermal scopolamine
Transdermal scopolamine is a skin patch which is prescribed to prevent nausea and vomiting after the surgery. It is advisable for the patients to avoid contact with water and washing hands properly after usage.
40. Fundamentals/Pathophysiology/Medical Surgical-Basic Nursing Skills Safety ICP-Cushing's triad
Increased symptoms of the intracranial pressure (ICP) causes Cushing’s triad. The symptoms observed are low heartbeat, irregular respiration and widened pulse pressure (due to high difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure).
Medications such as Mannitol, diuretics, steroids, sedatives should be given to minimize the symptoms. Besides if required hyperventilation, craniotomy and excess cerebrospinal fluid will be drained.
41. Fundamentals/Pathophysiology/Medical Surgical-Basic Nursing Skills/Safety
Transfusion reaction
Hemolysis of the blood transfused by the patient immune system is called transfusion reaction. This is due to incompatibility of the blood cells with the host cells and as a result the immune system produces antibodies and causes the adverse reactions due to the burst of the blood cells.
42. Fundamentals/Pathophysiology/Medical Surgical/Pharmacology – Med Administration/Safe administration - H2 action
These are the blockers of the histamine type 2 receptors which present on the gastric parietal cells to prevent the acid production and secretion. Mostly prescribed for the patients suffering with gastric ulcers & Zollinger-Ellison disease.
43. Fundamentals/Pathophysiology/Professional Issues/Medical Surgical Basic Nursing Skills/Safety/Teaching DKA-findings
DKA is the diabetic ketoacidosis condition which is associated with excessive thirst (Polydipsia), Polyuria and Polyphagia. The pathophysiology associated with the DKA is due to the insulin deficiency to metabolize glucose and metabolizes triglycerides and amino acids by either gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis.
44. Fundamentals Pathophysiology/Professional Issues/Medical Surgical/Pharmacology Basic Nursing Skills/Safety/Teaching-Graves’ disease-POC
Graves’ disease is associated with hypothyroidism which is an auto immune disorder. In which person own immune system will produce antibodies against the thyrotropin receptor and activates it. This results in the enhanced production of the thyroid hormone causing goiter. Treatment can be provided by thionamides or by radioactive iodine uptake.
45. Fundamentals/Pathophysiology/Professional Issues/Medical Surgical Pharmacology-Mod Administration/Basic Nursing Skills Oral meds Safe administration/Safety/Teaching-Exenatide-teaching
Exenatide is a diabetic medication helps to regulate the blood sugar levels. The medication enhances the activity of the pancreas to produce more insulin to maintain blood glucose levels. This drug should be taken before the meals and initially 5mg will be recommended and don’t inject the medication excess as it may result in the low blood sugar levels and have adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, gastric problems, weight loss etc.
46. Fundamentals/Pediatrics - Basic Nursing Skills/Nutrition Cleft lip-feeding
The babies born with the cleft lip have difficulties to breastfeed and prevents suction. Hence, for these babies’ special bottles and techniques should be used to improve their suction.
Before the bottle feeding the bottle should be properly sterilized and the mother should press the bottle to help the feeding and stopping the squeeze will cause cough and sputter.
47. Fundamentals Pediatrics - Basic Nursing Skills/Nutrition Diarrhea-diet
The diet recommendation for the patients suffering with Diarrhea are:
1. Dinking plenty of fluids either in the form of water or juices or electrolytes.
2. Small meals with soluble fiber should be taken
3. Avoid oil, high fiber and sugary foods as they will worsen the food.
4. The foods with the allergies such as lactose intolerant foods should be avoided.
5. Recommended to contact the health care profession if it gets worsened for medication.
48. Fundamentals Pediatrics Med Administration Basic Nursing Skills/Injections/Safe
administration Safety - IM volume-PEDI
49. Fundamentals/Pediatrics Med Administration...