Research report, 2000 words. Please keep in mind that it is for an Australian university. I have attached assessment 1 for reference.
RAVEENA SANKAPPA - 217170943 ACR301 ASSESSMENT 1 RESEARCH PROPOSAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFICKING 1. 1. 1. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION3 EXAMINATION OF PROBLEM3 EXAMINATION OF THE GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS4 EXAMINATION OF THE RESPONSES4 PRELIMINARY IDEAS TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE AND RESPONSES5 CONCLUSISON6 RESEARCH PLAN6 REFERENCES8 1. INTRODUCTION Drug Trafficking relates to trading of drugs at global level which are subject to drug prohibition laws. Trading may involve cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs illegally. This proposal explains the introduction of this international issue. After that the report goes on to explain the examination of the governance arrangements in which report analysis the different international law, treaties and institutions regarding Drug trafficking. After that the report highlights the examination of different response in which different policy, surveillance and justice arrangement of drug trafficking at global level. In the end the report will explain Preliminary ideas to improve governance and responses, research plan, conclusion and recommendation for different U.N. commission (Dawkins, 2018). 1. EXAMINATION OF PROBLEM Drug Trafficking relates to trading of drugs at global level which are subject to drugs prohibition law. Trading may involve cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs illegally. As per the data published on website of ONODC it has been identified that in current situation the world used to consume 340 tons of heroin and seizures represent 430-450 tons of same in global. Out of total people used to yield 50 ton and rest 380 ton is yield by Afghanistan. Out of this only 5 percent are seized in Afghanistan. Remaining 375 are trafficked worldwide via different routes. There are many laws at global as well as nation level has been formulated by different government to address impact of same at global level. Drug trafficking used to bring variety impact on Drug trafficking generally impacts the human resources of nation, as widespread usage of same used to impact the permanent physical and emotional damage to user and brings variety of negative impact on their family, co-worker and many others with whom they used to be in contact with. Drug law violations constitute a substantial proportion of incarcerations in local, state, and federal facilities and represent the most common arrest category. Drug trafficking used to impact Health and health care system as well as on crime and criminal justice system of different nation as well as at Global level (Velasco, 2017). It has been identified by ONODC that the real demand of illicit drug or illegal drug is among the individual who are legally not allowed to consume drug. As report shows that 14.2 percent of individual who used to consume elicit drug are 12 year or younger. Marijuana is the type of drug which is commonly consume by different individual at global level. 1. EXAMINATION OF THE GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS There are three different type of treaties who used to govern issue related to drug trafficking at global level. First one is Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 and another one is Convention on Pysychotropic Substance of 1971. The above two treaties used to codify internationally applicable measure in order to ensure availability of narcotic drug and other substances for the purpose of medical and scientific purpose and at the same time also used to make sure that this drug are prevented their diversion into illegal channel. Also, this teraties used to look at different provision regarding drug trafficking and drug abuse (Broséus and et.al., 2016). Another treaty who used to govern drug trafficking at global level is 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances used to extent their regime to precursors and focuses on establishing measure to combat illicit drug trafficking and related money laundering in at global level. Not only that these treaties used to look at corporation in variety of criminal matters in the nation. There are many different international laws which also used to govern Drug trafficking at global level. Drug trafficking Laws are generally define by the federal laws. Under this law individual or institute are penalize for transportation of unlawfully substance such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines and other illegal drugs. Generally, penalisation under this law varies from 3-5 year sentences depending upon the amount or quantity of crime. All the nation generally used to set different laws and regulation in their nation to prohibit different individual to consume different illegal drug in the nation. For example, in Australia to act used to govern against drug trafficking that is Narcotic Drug Act 1967 and criminal code Act 1995. 1. EXAMINATION OF THE RESPONSES International Drug Control is the framework which used to make different policy as a response to this global issue. A first international effort which was made to combat drug trafficking at international was in the year 1909 by establishing International Opium Commission. In today scenario all the policy in international market are governed by all the above three treaties. This treaty has made the policy regarding production and trade of different set of drugs in international market. Also, they have set up different mechanism to monitor treaty adherence. International policy also takes place through U.N. commission on Narcotic Drug. As they are one who used to publish different data in context of drugs trend, develops strategy for international drug control and recommend different measure to combat the issue of Drug at international level (Beittel, 2019). There are different mechanism which has been also developed by three treaties which used to monitor different drug which are consumer by the individual is legal or not this mechanism used to come under international mechanism of Surveillance against Internal Drug Trafficking. This surveillance generally used to help the commission in getting knowledge about different data about the trend and any unlawful activity which are being taken toward International drug Trafficking. This surveillance is formed by the treaties but governs by U.N commission. Surveillance also help commission in prevention of different crime as they also used to provide the measure through which different party can understand the nature of the drug is it is legal drug or illegal drug (Bright, Koskinen and Malm, 2019). Criminal justice act 1996 allows you to be detains where the Gradai believe you have commuted a drug offence. Justice arrangement is generally governs after arrest is by several of the legislation is Section of Criminal justice Act 1984, Section 42 of criminal justice act 1999, Section 30 of offence against the state act 1939, Section 50 of criminal justice act 2007 and section 16 and 17 of criminal procedure act 2010 (Justice Arrangement. 2019). 1. PRELIMINARY IDEAS TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE AND RESPONSES After going through the different strategies, policies and views of different treaties, council and law it was summarized by me that U.N. as a whole is doing well at global level to reduce the impact of drug trafficking and commission has seen good of success for doing same at global level but at the same time it has been also analysed by me that this policy and strategy will help the commission in striking the different prohibited activity at mass level it will not help the company in looking at prohibition activity at small domestic level, As a result there is good demand and consumption of same in the small villages of Africa nation (Nestel and et.al., 2019). So, commission has to look at making more superior surveillance in the market, this will eventually help commission in getting better control over variety of prohibition activity which are going at domestic level but can prove critical at wider scope (Bala, Labonté-LeMoyne and Léger, 2017). It also recommended to commission that they should also educate different consumer about the impact of drug in the nation this will eventually help the commission in reducing amount of drug trafficking in the nation. As if consumer by their own will not consume the drug in the market amount of drug consumption will reduce eventually and drug trafficking will eventually reduce at the global level (Boyack, Smith and Klavans, 2018). CONCLUSISON After going through above report, it is concluded that drug trafficking is one of the most growing concern in current scenario. This issue is also bringing variety of the impact on the human of the nation. After that report conclude different type of Treaties, law and institution. There are generally three treaties who used to operate in the nation. After that the report concludes different response to same at international context. Some of the responses are policing, justice arrangement and surveillance. Generally different policy are made by treaties but at the same time used to govern by U.N. Commission at global level. After that the report conclude summarization of different performance of policy and criminal law and recommendation of same at global level REFERENCES Books and Journals Dawkins, M., 2018. Drug Trafficking in the Caribbean.Crime and Violence in the Caribbean: Lessons from Jamaica, p.91. Velasco, J. L., 2017. Insurgency, authoritarianism, and drug trafficking in Mexico's democratization. Routledge. Broséus, J. and et.al., 2016. Studying illicit drug trafficking on Darknet markets: structure and organisation from a Canadian perspective. Forensic science international, 264, pp.7-14. Beittel, J. S., 2019. Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations. Current Politics and Economics of the United States, Canada and Mexico. 21(2). pp.181-223. Bright, D., Koskinen, J. and Malm, A., 2019. Illicit network dynamics: The formation and evolution of a drug trafficking network. Journal of Quantitative Criminology,35(2), pp.237-258. Bala, H., Labonté-LeMoyne, E. and Léger, P. M., 2017. Neural correlates of technological ambivalence: a research proposal. In Information Systems and Neuroscience (pp. 83-89). Springer, Cham. Boyack, K. W., Smith, C. and Klavans, R., 2018. Toward predicting research proposal success. Scientometrics,114(2), pp.449-461. Nestel, D., and et.al., 2019. Writing a Research Proposal for Sponsorship or Funding. In Healthcare Simulation Research (pp. 251-255). Springer, Cham. ONLINE Justice Arrangement. 2019 .[ONLINE]. Available through https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/arrests/detention_after_arrest.html. Task Students will conduct independent research and prepare a research report covering the topic selected for the research proposal (as per Assessment 1). The research report will build directly on the research proposal, and incorporate the feedback received for the first assessment. The research report should provide an introduction to the chosen topic, synthesise and critically analyse information about the global problem, the global governance arrangements, and global responses to it. Students should make recommendations for improved governance and policing and/or justice responses to their identified problem. This assessment builds directly on Assessment 1: Research Proposal and requires you to develop your work to the next step by incorporating reflection and evaluation of current governance arrangements and responses, and using evidence and critical analysis to inform devising your own recommendations. Academic Sources Students will need to refer to relevant academic