Briana Castro COMM 458 Research Proposal October 26th, 2020 Research Topic: Currently, there are 16 million people in the U.S. that are self-employed business owners (Pew Research Center, XXXXXXXXXXIn...

Running Head: MINORITIES AND COMMUNICATION                     1
MINORITIES AND COMMUNICATION                        16
HOW ARE MINORITY ENTREPRENEURS, SPECIFICALLY BLACK BUSINESS OWNERS IN AMERICA UNDERREPRESENTED AND UNDERPERFORMED COMPARED TO NON-MINORITY OWNERS
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction    3
1.1 Background of the research    3
1.2 Significance of the research    3
1.3 Problem statement    3
1.3 Rationale of the research    4
1.4 Research aim    4
1.5 Research Objective    4
1.6 Research questions    5
Chapter 2: Literature Review    5
2.1 Underperformance of black community in USA    5
2.2 Underrepresentation of black business owners in America    6
2.3 Ownership in Minority/Black Community Enterprises and Intellectual Resources    6
Chapter 3: Methodology    8
3.1 Research Paradigm    8
3.2 Data Collection Method    8
3.3 Ethical Consideration    9
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings    9
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation    13
5.1 Conclusion    13
5.2 Recommendation    14
References    15
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Research
There are 16 million self-employed people in the USA. The economic growth and innovation of the country are driven by entrepreneurship. The black Americans are the victim of discrimination and poverty. The community is mostly self-employed, and it is a crucial problem in order to develop the economy (Bobo, 2020). Here it is important to resolve personal dilemmas. The community has a low income of business owners and they are steady over a few years. The research will help the minority entrepreneurs for often underrepresented and underperformed compared to non-minority owners. The research is focused on some barrier that is lack of financial literacy in Black entrepreneurs, discrimination, institutional racism and as well as the lack of social and relational networks.
1.2 Significance of the Research
    The significance of the research is to identify the social problem that is faced by the black American. It is important to analyze the problem, and all the challenges experienced faced by Black entrepreneurs such as racism and discrimination by another group of people. Analyzing the ability and qualities of the black American will help to give a social and economic development. Apart from that, it helps them this will help in the matter of social acceptance.
1.3 Problem statement
    The black Americans are refused to do business with. They are discriminated against by the way they look, and they are judged because of their skin color. Even they are not allowed to go to many places because of their cultural background. They are treated brutally for their religion and languages. Hence, they are getting proper training and education for the betterment.
1.3 Rationale of the research
The current issue is the Black American's and their business of Entrepreneurships. It is an issue now as the entrepreneurship needed to be handle well by the majority and the minority groups. The racism in the institution is the cause of depression for the students; hence, it is a barrier in the cultural and educational development. Lack of education and skills, are stopping the black Americans from Black entrepreneurs, which is the major barrier for economic development. It is an issue because people have different thinking and different points of view. Here it can be solved by changing the mentality of people and motivating black Americans.
1.4 Research aim
The aim of the research is to identify the problem and analyze it by textual article and secondary research analysis. This will help to identify the gap, and it will give a solution regarding the problem. Minimizing the racism and discrimination will help in the economic development in the country.
1.5 Research Objective
    To highlight the causes of underperforming and underrepresented of the Black business owners in America, this research is conducted. To analyze the causes of underperformed and underrepresented of the Black business owners in America, this research is conducted. The research is done to evaluate the reason for the underperformance of the black business owners compared to non-minority owners. The research is conducted to recommend by which the entrepreneurs from the black community can increase their performance level.
1.6 Research questions
· What is the reason for the underperformance of the black community in the USA?
· Why do black communities underperform in the USA?
· Why is it important to resolve the issue?
· How to resolve the issueof the underperformance of the Black Community in the USA?
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Underperformance of black community in USA
    In nearly every possible social and economic context in the USA, racial disparities remain that underperform the black population. For black Americans, upward advancement from the base of the wealth spectrum is much less likely versus white Americans, and is 51 percent of the black Americans raised in the lowest quarter of the wealth inequality around 40 years of age. Far more prevalent in Black Americans is the downwards intergenerational income inequality from the center to the bottom. Seven in among ten black Americans raised in the centre quintile dropped as adults into one of the double quintiles below. It is a far more terrible reality in certain respects than the low rates of upward mobility. It is possible that even black Americans who achieve it to the middle class will see their children slip downward the ladder. Also in the Great Recession, racial disparities in income have also widened further. As per the Pew research institute’s report, the median income of white households has become thirteen times higher than that of black households, the greatest difference in a quarter century. Mostly after recession, black median income almost halved, dropping from 19,200 dollars during 2007 to 10,000 dollars by 2013 (Mafundu&Mafini, 2019). Black children appear much more probable to be raised in a single-parent home, and family stability will play a significant role in the chance of success of children in all phases of adulthood, as the recent study indicates. The education system is heavily divided by race and economic status: black students end up making up 16 percent among the enrollment of public schools;however, the average black pupil attends a school that is 5 percent of the public education population.
2.2 Underrepresentation of black business owners in America
    It is unavoidable that human and financial resources are vital to the entrepreneurship process; however social capital is similarly critical to the growth of industry. Research has found that black businesses have a social capital deficit as opposed to other minority small businesses. It has been reported that a large percentage of minority company owners operating in the U.S. have had an immigrant history. Consequently, social capital features that are essential to business empowerment are rooted within immigrant populations, such as relational networks, monetary aid, and financially self-sufficient ethnic ghettos, which act as a benefit for minority entrepreneurship of immigrant descent (Watson, 2020). One such research includes a comparative analysis that studies the three types of capital including their discrete effects on the entrepreneurial performance of black entrepreneurs relative to foreign-born minorities’ entrepreneurs, in order to appreciate the importance of all sources of capital to the entrepreneurial systembetter, but especially that of economic capital. Secondly, in contrast to African including Afro-Caribbean immigrants, it assesses the socioeconomic and entrepreneurial results for African Americans in order to have a deeper analysis of the effect of immigrants on economic establishment and development (Yepes-Rios et al., 2016). The emphasis upon this black immigrant population will also help to appreciate the difficulties and prospects as the growth of black corporations’better, takes into account both ethnicity and ethnic history.
2.3 Ownership in Minority/Black Community Enterprises and Intellectual Resources
    Human capital expresses one's unique attributes and talents that support an organization and employer as an advantage. Human capital has traditionally been calculated as a mixture of the educational level of such a person, years of job experience, as well as any external qualifications, such as technical credentials and preparation for professional advancement. The most detailed indicator we see in human capital would be that of academic achievement. Studies have displayed which a significant determinant of business excellence is the educational concentration of the business holder. In addition, education and preparation have become progressively...