REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 1. How are the reproductive systems of males and females similar? How do they differentiate during embryological development? Which embryonic ducts are retained in males? In...

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

1. How are the reproductive systems of males and females similar? How do they differentiate during embryological development? Which embryonic ducts are retained in males? In females? Which two sexual structures in both sexes evolved from the same embryonic tissue?

2. What are the roles of

luteinizing hormone

(LH) and

follicle-stimulating hormone

(FSH) in males? In females? Which type of feedback mechanism is involved?

3. List the changes, in chronological order, that occur in the ovary during the

follicular

and

luteal phases

of the

ovarian cycle
. State where each of the female hormones involved is produced and what affect each has on

ovulation

and development (or destruction) of the

endometrium
.

4. Trace the route that an egg travels as it is produced, released and then passed through the human female reproductive tract. What happens if the released egg is not fertilized?

5. What are the roles of the

cremaster

and

dartos muscles

in maintaining optimum temperature conditions for sperm?

6. What physiological processes are involved in the movement of sperm (
emission
) and eventual release of sperm (
ejaculation
) from the male during sexual excitement? Which components of the autonomic nervous system are involved in each of these two processes? Trace the route that sperm travel as they are produced, mature, and then pass through the male reproductive system. Know the male structures and their functions involved in these processes.

7. Which hormones are involved in

parturition
? Which type of

feedback mechanism

is involved?

8. Recognize how various methods of birth control can be used by males and females; specifically know how they are used AND how they prevent

conception

or

implantation
.

9. Define

menopause

and state several characteristics of this event. Do males experience menopause?

10. State the characteristics of some of the common diseases of the human reproductive systems.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Define

fertilization
. What is the immediate structure that results from fertilization? What is its genetic condition (i.e., its ploidy)?

2. State how many, and which type of, cells are produced by

gametogenesis

for females and then for males.
REFER
to lecture/lab worksheet.

3. Where are gametes produced in human females? In human males? [Be specific.]

4. List the general sequence of pre-embryonic development, using the terms

zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, blastocoel, gastrula, gastrulation
, and

embryo
. State at which stage

cellular differentiation

occurs and at which stage

tissue differentiation

occurs.

5. Which structures in a blastocyst aide in its

implantation

into the endometrium? What is the function of the hormone called

human chorionic gonadotropin

(hCG)?

6. What do the 3 primary or “germ” tissue layers (
ectoderm, endoderm

and

mesoderm
) develop into?

7. What are the 4

extra-embryonic membranes
? What does each become?

8. How do gases, nutrients, and wastes move between the mother and the embryonic/fetal

placenta
?

9. Know the general characteristics of a human

embryo

and

fetus

by week and trimester. Distinguish, by week and month, between when the
heart begins to beat
in the embryo and
when it can be distinguished (heard)
in the fetus using a stethoscope. Review how fetal blood circulates. How does this differ from blood circulation of an adult?

10. What roles do the hormones

estrogen, progesterone, prolactin

and

oxytocin

play in

parturition

and/or

lactation
?

11. Which type of

feedback mechanism

is involved in parturition, sexual excitement, and lactation?

12. Which hormone stimulates the production of milk gland development? Of milk secretion after birth?

13. What is

colostrum
? What is its role in immunity?

HEREDITY

1. What are the diploid “precursor” cells for human

gametes
? Compare and contrast male and female gametes. How many of each is produced by a

primordial


cell
?

2. State the different stages of meiosis.

3. Review the processes of

oogenesis

and

spermatogenesis
. Know the structures associated with each step in these processes. Which divisional process (i.e., mitosis or meiosis) is responsible for the generation of gametes in humans?

4. What is the genetic condition of each type of gamete cell? Of a zygote?

5. Recognize definitions of the following terms –

allele, dominant trait, genotype (heterozygous

and

homozygous), phenotype, recessive trait,

and

X-linked trait.

6. From which parent does a male child inherit an X-linked trait? Can female offspring inherit X-linked traits? Can they “express” these traits?

7. How many chromosomes do humans have? Which are

somatic
? Which are sex chromosomes? How do X and Y chromosomes differ regarding the information that they carry?