Read the account of Elijah and the two altars (one toGod, one to Baal) in the Old Testament as found in I Kings 18:21-39. Using the information in Ch 1of your text and the information presented in lecture, write a 1-2 page paper that analyzes Elijah’smethods in terms of the criteria for the scientific method.Be sure to include1) that which Elijahknew to be true (his generalizations),2) Elijah’s hypothesis/es,3) his experimental protocol,4)Results.Please quote chapter and verse for the scriptural examples and quotations you cite.Reference passages of scripture as follows: Book name, Chapter: Verse, “passage in quotations”,Bible translation. (e.g. John 3:16 “For God so loved”, NIV
Week 1 [Compatibility Mode] 1 Lecture 1 Topics • A Blazingly Fast Mini History of Physics and Chemistry • Scientific Epistemology • Quick Math Review • The Scientific Method 1 Relationship between Chemistry and Physics • Chemistry—the central science – All other branches of science integrate chemistry at some level • Physics—the fundamental science – The integration of mathematical formulas helps explain the principles applied in other branches of science. 2 Physics History (BC era) • Theories based in philosophy not in experimentation. – Behavior and nature controlled by gods. – Absence of equipment and accurate timing devices. VS. 3 2 Greek Contributions • Aristotle—free fall is accelerated motion • Archimedes—hydrostatics • Aristarchus—astronomy • Pythagorus—irrational numbers • Ptolemy—Earth centered universe 4 Physics History (1500-1600) • 1500’s – Copernicus—Heliocentric Universe • 1600’s – Galileo—astronomy, calculus – Kepler—planetary motion – Newton—laws of motion; Classical Mechanics – Bacon (1620)—develops Scientific Method 5 Physics History (1700-1900) • 1700’s – Boyle, Young—Thermodynamics • Late 1800’s – Faraday, Ohm, Maxwell—Electricity and Magnetism – Telsa, Rontgen—Investigate X-rays and determine they are high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. – Curies—Discover radioactivity • 1900’s – 1990’s Quantum Mechanics make significant progress 6 3 From Stones to Metals (BC era) 300 BC Cast iron in China 1300 AD Europe 1000 BC Iron Age Iron Smelting “Iron more precious than gold”- Homer 2000 BC Bronze Age Alloys Egypt 3200 BC Copper ores 5000 BC Gold Silver Copper Metal 7 Chemistry and the Greeks (later BC era) • Why??? – Thales (580 BC)—water is the essence of all things – Anaximenes (570 BC)—air is the essence of all things – Heracllitus (540-475 BC)—fire is the essence of all things – Empedocles (490-430 BC)—Why only one? He kept others and added earth. – Zou Yan (China 270 BC)—5 elements; added wood – So air, water, earth, and fire, or in similar terms gas, liquid, solid, and energy. 8 More Greek Chemistry History • Atomic History – Greek Question: Could particle divisions be infinite?? – Democritus (470-380 BC)—atomos • Atomos, Greek for “indivisible” – Greeks and Egyptians agree 9 4 Alchemy = Chemistry • From 300 BC – 1600 AD—The “Chemical” equivalent of the Dark Ages • Libavius (1597 AD) – Marks the end of Alchemy – Writes the first chemistry book, clearly and without mysticism. 10 Chemistry History (1600’s) • 1600’s – Galileo Galilei—application of mathematics and of careful measurement to physics. – Gilbert suggested that substances rubbed together gained an attracting power—electrics – Newton builds on the work of Galileo • Chemists are slow to adopt the quantitative mathematical techniques of Galileo and Newton. – Jan Baptista Van Helmont studies of gases lead to more careful measurements. 11 Chemistry History 1800’s • 1800’s – Lavoisier—careful measurements in his experiments lead to the Law of Conservation of Mass – John Dalton • Law of Multiple Proportions • Atoms are smallest particle and type-specific. • Set up the first periodic table – atomic weights (flawed). 12 5 Chemistry of the early 1900’s • Mendeleev—better organizes elements into periodic table • Rutherford—discovers nucleus • Thomson—discovers electron • deBroglie—particles have wave properties aka Wave Particle Duality Theory • Heisenberg—Uncertainty Principle • Planck, Einstein, Bohr—Quantum Mechanics • Einstein—Relativity Theories • Oppenheimer (mid 1900)—Atomic bomb • Hahn, Meitner, Fermi, Seaborg—Modern Alchemy 13 “We live in an art gallery of divine creativity and yet are content to gaze only at the carpet.” –Max Lucado in God Came Near 14 Scientific Epistemology How do we know what we know? Example of four different viewpoints… - Aristotle – description, organization, classification (naming) - Bacon – experimentation, induction - Bohr – limited by senses and by our measuring apparatus (quantum mechanics) - Plato – real world is only an approximation of the ideal 15 6 Goedel’s Theorem 16 Limitations of Science What we cannot know; unsolvable problems What we possibly know; problems we will one day be able to solve What we know; problems we can solve 17 Beginnings and Endings Stage I Stage II Stage III 18 7 Newtonian vs. Quantum Mechanics - Late 1600’s - Certain - Deterministic - Future is mathematically predictable – Clockwork Universe - Little/No need for God - Early 1900’s - Uncertain - Can’t know it all - Re-employs God 19 Confluence of Opposites - The universe seems to possess a truly amazing level of order, symmetry, and design… - While at the same time it is incredibly chaotic, uncertain, unplanned, unorganized, and random. - May this well be precisely what we should expect to see if God is who He says He is in the Bible? 20 The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Math in Science Math is so useful to science that it borders on the mysterious and has no rational explanation. Math is the means used to explain the scientific explanations. 21 8 Mathematics in Science Points to consider: - In spite of the baffling complexity of the world, certain regularities in the events could be discovered - When math doesn’t work, new math is invented. - The fact that math and science coincide so perfectly gives the scientist reason to wonder how unique the theories are. 22 Order of Operations • PEMDAS – Parentheses – Exponents – Multiply – Divide – Add – Subtract 23 meter gram Newton liter Celsiusg/mL 24 9 Smaller Units; Decimal moves to the right Larger Units; Decimal moves to the left 25 Significant Figures Sig Figs are used because the answer can never be more significant than the numbers used in the problem. Adding and Subtracting: the answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate measurement Multiplying and Dividing: the answer can contain no more sig figs than the least accurate measurement 26 The Scientific Method • Your car didn’t start this morning!! What’s wrong??? • Science can explain anything that is testable. • Presumes an ordered, consistent reality. • Science is inherently limited to what can be tested 27 10 Experiment to prove Hypothesis. Revise hypothesis. Develop generalizations. Formulate a theory Observe. Review laws/rules. Develop Hypothesis. 28 Scientific Models • Phenomenological • Also called empirical • Answers How? or How much? • Goal: to describe (often in mathematical form) what is happening and to chart its immediate consequences • Interpretive • Answers Why? • What is the deep significance and implication of the Law beyond its empirical consequences? 29 1 AP Im ag es /K ev in Te rre ll S cience is concerned with the description and understanding of our environment. A first step in understanding our environment is to mea- sure and describe the physical world. Over the centuries, humans have developed increasingly sophisticated methods of measurement, and scientists make use of the most advanced of these. We are continually making measurements in our daily lives. Watches and clocks are used to measure the time it takes for events to take place. A census is taken every 10 years in the United States to determine (measure) the popula- tion. Money, calories, and the days and years of our lives are counted. It was once thought that all things could be measured with exact certainty. But as smaller and smaller objects were measured, it became evident that the act of mea- suring distorted the measurement. This uncertainty in making measurements of the very small is discussed in more detail in Chapter 9.5. (Note that “Chapter 9.5” means “Chapter 9, Section 5.” This format will be used throughout this book to call your attention to further information in another part of the book.) Measurement is crucial to understanding our physical environment, but first let’s discuss the physical sciences and the methods of scientific investigation. Did You Know? Section There are five divisions in physical science. 1.1 Mass and weight are related, but mass is the fundamental quantity. 1.4 Density describes the compactness of matter or mass per unit volume of a substance. 1.6 Chapter Outline 1.1 The Physical Sciences 2 1.2 Scientific Investigation 3 1.3 The Senses 4 1.1 Highlight The “Face” on Mars 5 1.4 Standard Units and Systems of Units 6 1.1 Conceptual Q&A Time and Time Again 10 1.5 More on the Metric System 12 1.6 Derived Units and Conversion Factors 14 1.2 Highlight Is Unit Conversion Important? It Sure Is. 19 1.7 Significant Figures 20 < bring in the chain for a measurement. no first and 10! measurement chapter 1 it is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. insensibly one begins to twist the facts to suit the theories, instead of the theories to suit the facts. ● sherlock holmes (arthur conan doyle, 1859–1930) 79137_ch01_rev04.indd 1 10/09/14 5:06 pm copyright 2016 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. cengage learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2 chapter 1 ● measurement 1.1 the physical sciences preview questions* ● what are the two major divisions of natural science? ● what are the five major divisions of physical science? think about the following: ● hung up. a basketball player leaping up to make a shot seems to “hang” in the air before he slam-dunks a basketball. ● spot you one. driving in the summer, you may see what looks like water or a “wet spot” on the road ahead, but you never get to it. ● all stuck up. the professor rubs a balloon on his sweater and touches it to the ceil- ing, and the balloon stays there. ● mighty small. there are pictures of individual atoms. ● it doesn’t add up. exactly 100 cc of ethanol alcohol is mixed with exactly 100 cc of water, and the resulting mixture is less than 200 cc. ● get in line. there won’t be a total solar eclipse visible from the united states until 2017, but there will be six or more visible elsewhere before then. ● dark moon. the dark side of the moon isn’t dark all the time. ● a bolt from the blue. bring="" in="" the="" chain="" for="" a="" measurement.="" no="" first="" and="" 10!="" measurement="" chapter="" 1="" it="" is="" a="" capital="" mistake="" to="" theorize="" before="" one="" has="" data.="" insensibly="" one="" begins="" to="" twist="" the="" facts="" to="" suit="" the="" theories,="" instead="" of="" the="" theories="" to="" suit="" the="" facts.="" ●="" sherlock="" holmes="" (arthur="" conan="" doyle,="" 1859–1930)="" 79137_ch01_rev04.indd="" 1="" 10/09/14="" 5:06="" pm="" copyright="" 2016="" cengage="" learning.="" all="" rights="" reserved.="" may="" not="" be="" copied,="" scanned,="" or="" duplicated,="" in="" whole="" or="" in="" part.="" due="" to="" electronic="" rights,="" some="" third="" party="" content="" may="" be="" suppressed="" from="" the="" ebook="" and/or="" echapter(s).="" editorial="" review="" has="" deemed="" that="" any="" suppressed="" content="" does="" not="" materially="" affect="" the="" overall="" learning="" experience.="" cengage="" learning="" reserves="" the="" right="" to="" remove="" additional="" content="" at="" any="" time="" if="" subsequent="" rights="" restrictions="" require="" it.="" 2="" chapter="" 1="" ●="" measurement="" 1.1 ="" the="" physical="" sciences="" preview="" questions*="" ●="" what="" are="" the="" two="" major="" divisions="" of="" natural="" science?="" ●="" what="" are="" the="" five="" major="" divisions="" of="" physical="" science?="" think="" about="" the="" following:="" ●="" hung="" up.="" a="" basketball="" player="" leaping="" up="" to="" make="" a="" shot="" seems="" to="" “hang”="" in="" the="" air="" before="" he="" slam-dunks="" a="" basketball.="" ●="" spot="" you="" one.="" driving="" in="" the="" summer,="" you="" may="" see="" what="" looks="" like="" water="" or="" a="" “wet="" spot”="" on="" the="" road="" ahead,="" but="" you="" never="" get="" to="" it.="" ●="" all="" stuck="" up.="" the="" professor="" rubs="" a="" balloon="" on="" his="" sweater="" and="" touches="" it="" to="" the="" ceil-="" ing,="" and="" the="" balloon="" stays="" there.="" ●="" mighty="" small.="" there="" are="" pictures="" of="" individual="" atoms.="" ●="" it="" doesn’t="" add="" up.="" exactly="" 100="" cc="" of="" ethanol="" alcohol="" is="" mixed="" with="" exactly="" 100="" cc="" of="" water,="" and="" the="" resulting="" mixture="" is="" less="" than="" 200="" cc.="" ●="" get="" in="" line.="" there="" won’t="" be="" a="" total="" solar="" eclipse="" visible="" from="" the="" united="" states="" until="" 2017,="" but="" there="" will="" be="" six="" or="" more="" visible="" elsewhere="" before="" then.="" ●="" dark="" moon.="" the="" dark="" side="" of="" the="" moon="" isn’t="" dark="" all="" the="" time.="" ●="" a="" bolt="" from="" the="">