Question. Apply the safety management concepts and principles (as presented in the first five lectures) to assess the safety management deficiencies revealed in the Australian Transport Safety Bureau...

Running Head: ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT DEFICIENCIES    1
ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT DEFICIENCIES    10
ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT DEFICIENCIES
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Executive Summary
Safety in transportation is very important. A single loophole can cost life of the individual. Safety management especially in case of aviation industry is very important. There are many challenges in air transport, which leads to the major accidents in world. For example, in 2019, Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, crashed six minute after take-off cost the life of 149 passengers and 8 crew member. Combination of local factors such as poor weather conditions, equipment deficiencies, inadequate procedures, skill fatigue, and inaccurate visual perception, along with organisational failure such as poor management, regulation, and licensing of operation are responsible for the cause of accident.
Table of Contents
Introduction    4
Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) Investigation Report    4
Patrick Hudson’s Safety Culture Evolutionary Ladder    5
James Reason’s Concept of Safety    6
James Reason’s Organisational Accident Model and Defences for Aviation Latent Conditions Trajectory    7
Snook’s Theory of Practical Drift    7
Need for Effective Safety Oversight by the State    8
Benefits of Using Safety Management Systems Approaches    8
Need for a Positive Safety Culture    8
Importance of Comprehensive Risk Analysis in Aircraft Operations    9
Conclusion    9
References    10
Introduction
    Despite of having advance technologies aviation industry lack proper safety measures assessment to prevent crashing of airplanes or costing of life of many people. The following essay will analyse the deficiencies of safety measures revealed in the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) report on crash of the Piper PA31-350 Navajo Chieftain aircraft, VH-NDU on 11 June 1993 using contemporary safety management principles and concept.
Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) Investigation Report
    As per the investigation report of Australian Transport Safety Bureau, on 11 June 1993, accident of the Piper PA31-350 Navajo Chieftain aircraft, VH-NDU costs the life of seven people died of fatal injuries. The investigation determines that internal and external factors are responsible for accident. The physical condition is not responsible for the crash. Active reasons behind failure are crewmembers did not maintain adequate obstacle clearance while conducting visual circling approach at night. The pilot in command conducted two missed approaches because of non-visual conditions (Taylor et al., 2017).
    The fuel endurance of the aircraft was not considered to retrain in one more NDB approach. The pilot in command did not attempt to descend below the minimum approach altitude until he become visual. Poor weather conditioning and lack of ground lightning become add on for the accident. Pilot in command made deliberate decision to minimum obstacle clearance led to the collision with terrain. Lack of proper training for uncertain events clouds the judgement of the pilot in command. Apart from poor weather condition, which forced the pilot to descend below the minimum circling altitude, inconclusive visual apparently, force the pilot to take desperate measures (Skybrary, 1994).
    There are significant aircraft equipment-deficiencies found that are responsible for adverse effect on the performance of the flight crew. There was inoperative autopilot system in the flight. There were only few serviceable heading indicators, which is gyroscopic indicator and magnetic compass. However, as argued by Gotvall (2014), limitation of equipment can make errors and become reason for the crash. The inadequacy of the knowledge and skills of the flight crew to operation at night was the added disadvantage. Absence of service directional put extra workload on cockpit and...