Question 9 An article in the British Medical Journal ("Comparison of Treatment of Renal Calculi by Operative Surgery. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy" (1986,...

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Extracted text: Question 9 An article in the British Medical Journal ("Comparison of Treatment of Renal Calculi by Operative Surgery. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy" (1986, Vol. 82. pp. 879-892)] provided the following discussion of success rates in kidney stone removals. Open surgery had a success rate of 78% (273/350) while a newer method, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PN), had a success rate of 83% (289/350). This newer method looked better, but the results changed when stone diameter was considered. For stones with diameters less than two centimeters, 93% (81/87) of cases of open surgery were successful compared with only 83% (234/270) of cases of PN, For stones greater than or equal to two centimeters, the success rates were 73% (192/263) and 69% (55/80) for open surgery and PN, respectively. Open surgery is better for both stone sizes, but less successful in total. In 1951, E. H. Simpson pointed out this apparent contradiction (known as Simpson's Paradox) but the hazard still persists today. Explain how open surgery can be better for both stone sizes but worse in total. Use the editor to format your answer Question 10 The compressive strength of concrete is being tested by a civil engineer. He tests 12 specimens and obtains the following data. 2216 2237 2249 2204 2225 2301 2281 2263 2318 2255 2275 2295 Construct a 95% Confidence Interval on the mean compressive strength. Use the editor to format your answer