Question 1 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Data necessary to conduct public health research is often not available in one database/from one source. The term which refers to the joining of data from two or more sources, for example employment records and mortality data is referred to as:
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A. computerized bibliographic databases |
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B. MEDLINE |
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C. dual databases |
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D. record linkage |
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Question 2 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Which of the following data sources is most likely to be representative of the general health status of a population
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A. Hospital outpatient statistics |
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B. Absenteeism data |
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C. Data from public health clinics |
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D. A morbidity survey of the general population |
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Question 3 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Studies of nativity and migration have reported that
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A. admission rates of foreign-born persons to mental hospitals were lower than for native-born persons. |
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B. diseases found in less developed regions are no longer a problem in the United States.
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C. immunization programs in developing countries have been highly successful. |
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D. some migrants have inadequate immunization status with respect to vaccine-preventable diseases.
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Question 4 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Which is not a disease designated as notifiable at the National Level:
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A. Pertussis |
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B. Small Pox |
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C. Hepatitis A |
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D. All Varicella Cases |
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Question 5 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
The following question is based on the information given below. Comparison of mortality rates due to cancer of the uterus in users and non-users of supplemental estrogen revealed:
Mortality rates per 100,000
Users of estrogen:Age45-54 =3.0 Age55-70=17.0
Non-users of estrogen:Age45-54 =1.0Age55-70 =6.0
A valid conclusion derived from the above data concerning mortality among estrogen users is:
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A. The mortality rates for cancer of the uterus are lower in estrogen users than non-users in both age groups studied |
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B. A causal relationship is demonstrated between the use of estrogen and incidence of uterine cancer |
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C. Mortality from cancer of the uterus rises with age regardless of whether or not estrogen is used
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D. The mortality rate is lower in non-users than users because the symptoms of uterine cancer are detected earlier in the former group of women |
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Question 6 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
In case-control studies, the odds ratio is used as an estimate of the relative risk. In order for this approximation to be reasonable, some conditions must be met. Which of the following conditions is not necessary in order to use the odds ratio to estimate the relative risk?
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A. With respect to exposure, controls are representative of the population to which you want to generalize your results |
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B. The event (disease) under study is rare in the population |
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C. The exposure in question is rare in the population |
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D. Cases are representative of all cases |
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Question 7 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of
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A. high prevalence |
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B. high validity |
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C. low case fatality |
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D. low prevalence |
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Question 8 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
Cancer Patients
Men Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol 185 120 Tea Drinking 140 110 Coffee Drinking 190 140
Other Patients
Men Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol 270 260 Tea Drinking 230 225 Coffee Drinking 270 240 Note: Total number of male cancer patients = 200 Total number of female cancer patients = 150 Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300 Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300 Use this data to answer the next 5 questions. What type of study is this?
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A. Case-control |
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B. Cohort |
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C. Case-series |
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D. Descriptive |
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Question 9 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Does this study have an exposure status variable?
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A. Yes, lifestyle |
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B. Yes, disease type |
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C. Yes, gender of patient |
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D. Yes, gender of patient and disease type |
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Question 10 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Which number best approximates risk associated with Alcohol Drinking among Men:
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A. 2.11 |
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B. 0.92 |
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C. 0.71 |
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D. 1.37 |
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Question 11 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Which number best approximates risk associated with Coffee Drinking among Men?
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A. 2.11 |
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B. 0.94 |
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C. 1.02 |
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D. 3.50 |
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Question 12 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Based on your calculations above, which factor has the strongest association with cancer for men?
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A. the factors show no variation in the association |
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B. not enough information to determine |
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C. Coffee drinking |
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D. Alcohol consumption |
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Question 13 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Examples of descriptive epidemiologic studies do not usually include:
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A. Cohort studies |
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B. Counts
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C. Case series |
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D. Cross-sectional studies |
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Question 14 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
A five-year prospective cohort study has just been completed. The study was designed to assess the association between supplemental vitamin A exposure and mortality and morbidity for measles. The RR for incidence of measles was 0.75 and the RR for measles mortality was 0.5.
Which statement is correct?
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A. A cohort study is not an appropriate study design in this case because the association between one exposure and two different outcomes is being considered
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B. One of the problems that this study may have faced is individuals lost to follow-up during the five-year period
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C. A cohort study is not a good design to study this association because measles is a very common disease |
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D. None of the above |
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Question 15 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Regarding the RR reported above, which statement is correct
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A. Exposure to vitamin A appears to protect against morbidity and mortality for measles.
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B. Exposure to vitamin A appears to be a risk factor for morbidity and mortality for measles |
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C. Exposure to vitamin A is not associated with morbidity and mortality for measles |
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D. Exposure to vitamin A is a risk factor for morbidity and a protective factor for mortality for measles |
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Question 16 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Subjects for an exposure-based cohort study (when the exposure of interest is rare) would be selected Most appropriately from:
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A. certain occupational groups (such as battery workers (when evaluating lead exposure)) |
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B. the residents of a large U.S. county |
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C. male Harvard alumni from 1916 to 1950 |
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D. none of the above |
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Question 17 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Nested case-control studies:
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A. use subjects drawn from a cohort study. |
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B. provide a degree of control over confounding |
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C. reduce the cost of collecting exposure information |
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D. all of the above |
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Question 18 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Practical considerations in the design of cohort studies do not usually include
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A. availability of exposure data |
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B. size and cost of the cohort |
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C. follow-up issues |
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D. age of the investigator |
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Question 19 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
The purpose of double-blinding in clinical trials is to
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A. reduce error that results from the way in which the outcome is assessed |
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B. reduce error that results from subjects’ knowledge of their assignment to study conditions |
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C. reduce error that results from non-random assignment to study conditions |
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D. A and B only |
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E. all of the above |
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Question 20 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Phase III clinical trials for a cancer drug involve
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A. initial testing in humans |
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B. establishing toxicity levels |
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C. comparing survival rates for the new drug versus existing therapies |
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D. establishing maximum tolerated dose |
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Question 21 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
The purpose of randomization is to
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A. reduce error that results from the way in which the outcome is assessed |
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B. reduce error that results from subjects’ participation in the trial |
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C. reduce error that results from assignment to study conditions |
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D. A and C only |
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E. all of the above |
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Question 22 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Which types of health issues are likely to be addressed in community trials
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A. Smoking cessation |
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B. HIV/AIDS |
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C. Healthy eating trials |
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D. All of the above topics |
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Question 23 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
You would like to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of delivering health services through your clinic. After selecting a 10% sample of all patient visits during the past six months, you are able to characterize the patient population utilizing your clinic in terms of age, race, sex, method of referral, diagnostic category, therapy provided, method of payment, daily patient load, and clinic staff work schedules.
Which type of study design most appropriately characterizes this situation?
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A. Case-control study |
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B. Prospective cohort study |
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C. Historical prospective cohort study |
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D. Cross-sectional study |
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E. Clinical trial |
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F. Community trial |
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Question 24 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
You are interested in finding out whether middle-aged men who have premature heartbeats are at greater risk of developing a myocardial infarction (heart attack) than men whose heartbeats are regular. Electrocardiogram (ECG) examinations are performed on all male office employees 35 years of age or older who work for oil companies in Houston. The ECG tracings are classified as irregular or regular. Five years later, myocardial infarction rates are compared between those with and those without baseline ECG irregularities.
Which type of study design most appropriately characterizes this situation?
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A. Community trial |
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B. Cross-sectional study
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C. Prospective cohort study |
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D. Historical prospective cohort study |
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Question 25 of 25 |
4.0 Points |
Ecological studies are an analytical study design that are advantageous in many ways. Which is not true about the ecological study design?
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A. they are cost and time effective |
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B. they generally make use of secondary data |
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C. they do not collect data on the individual level of exposure |
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D. they collect data on the individual level of exposure |
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