Question 1: Alcohol and nicotine consumption during pregnancy may harm children. Because drinking and smoking behaviours may be related, it is important to understand the nature of this relationship...

Question 1: Alcohol and nicotine consumption during pregnancy may harm children. Because drinking and smoking behaviours may be related, it is important to understand the nature of this relationship when assessing the possible effects on children. One study classified 452 mothers according to their alcohol intake prior to pregnancy recognition and their nicotine intake during pregnancy. The data are summarized in the following table (from Ann P. Streissguth et al., “Intrauterine alcohol and nicotine exposure: attention and reaction time in 4‐year‐old children,” Developmental Psychology, 20 (1984), pp. 533‐541):  Nicotine (milligrams/day) Alcohol (ounces/day) None 1‐15 16 or more None 105 7 11 0.01‐0.10 58 5 13 0.11‐0.99 84 37 42 1.00 or more 57 16 17
Carry out a complete analysis of the association between alcohol and nicotine consumption. That is, describe the nature and strength of this association and assess its statistical significance. You may include figures, if required, to display the associations.