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Protist lab: Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium Protist lab: A protist can be a plant, animal or fungus. Three types of protists in this lab are protozoans, algae, and decomposers. Part 1: Euglena Lab Objectives: · Observe euglena and how they move · Identify the parts of an euglena · A. Introduction of Euglena In this lab are observing a type of protist called an algae. All algae are plant-like protists, more specifically euglena. Euglena is a type of euglenoid. They are plant-like because they are autotrophs—they use photosynthesis to make their own food. Euglena has a cell containing chloroplast which allow it to carry out photosynthesis. Interestingly enough, scientists have observed that euglena can also be heterotrophs; they can eat to obtain energy. The adaptations euglena has acquired for survival include those for movement and phototaxis. Euglena have flagella that allow them to move, a pellicle which gives them their shape, and an eye spot which is used to help detect the location of light. The pellicle is a rigid but flexible covering that gives the organism its shape. The flagellum, the long-whip-like structure used for movement. Inside the euglena has one nucleus, which controls the cell function. The contractile vacuoles collect and expels excess water from the cell. The chloroplast is a green structure which allows the euglena to carry out photosynthesis. The eye spot (Stigma) is used to detect sources of light. It is able to distinguish the brightest source of light and enable the euglena to proceed towards that source. Paramylon granules are basically food vacuoles that store sugar created during photosynthesis. Please review your audio PPT if you need to review this material. B. The following pictures show a common Protist called Euglena (Images retrieved from google.com.imgages) 1. What Kingdom do Euglena belong to?_____________________________________________ What Phylum Euglena belong to?________________________________________________ 2. In the first micro-image above, what is Letter A pointing to?__________________________ What is the function of this structure?____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is Letter B pointing to?___________________________________________________ What is the function of this structure?____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is Letter C pointing to?___________________________________________________ What is the function of these structures?__________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is letter D pointing to?___________________________________________________ What is the function of this structure?____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 6. How do the Euglena move from one place to the next, what is that structure called? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. How do Euglena obtain their energy?___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. What structure inside the Euglena gives them their green color?______________________ _________________________________________________________________________ c. Observation of the euglena Observation 1: Euglena-DIC Microscope https://youtu.be/ppeDhzggDVI 1. How many parts can you identify?______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Are you able to find the contractile vacuoles and if so is it opening and closing? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Are you able to find the chloroplasts, paramylon granules, or the eyespot? If so, which ones, and please describe. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Observation 2: Flexible movement in Euglena https://youtu.be/fI7nEWUjk3A 1. What is the euglena using to move? ____________________________ 2. How many of these does the euglena have? _______________________ 3. Observe how the pellicle allows the organism to bend, but keep, its shape. Please describe this? _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ D. Labeling the Diagram Word bank: chloroplast, contractile vacuole, flagellum, nucleus, paramylon granule, pellicle, and eye spot (stigma). If you are labeling it in order on the side please start with the red dot. E. Questions 1. Which group of protists to euglena belong to? _______________________________________ 2. Euglena contain chloroplasts. When light is limited, they can eat particles to obtain energy. Are these organisms classified as heterotrophs or autotrophs? _________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Euglena are not the only organisms that have flagellum. Zooflagellates are protozoa that also have flagella. Although euglena and zooflagellates move by flagella, why are these organisms classified differently? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Name two organelles you could find in a euglena that you couldn't find in a zooflagellate. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. You place millions of euglena into a container and place it by the window. The entire container is a bright green color as the euglena swim freely. You cover half the container, block out the sunlight. At the end of the day, you return to the container and find that all the euglena are now on the uncovered side. Explain why this happened. Your answer must include the works: eye spot (stigma), sunlight, and photosynthesis. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Part 2: Amoeba Lab Objectives: · Observe the amoeba and how they move · Identify the parts of an amoeba A. Introduction of Amoeba Amoeba’s are protozoans. They are also classified as a sarcodine, which is a protozoan that uses pseudopods. Protozoans is a protist that is similar to an animal. They acquire their own food and therefore, are heterotrophs. Protozoans move by pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. The amoeba is a unicellular organism that moves using pseudopods. The pseudopods is due to the cytoplasm movement towards the cell membrane that makes it move to form a protuberance form. Pseudo means false and pod is foot. Thus, pseudopod is translated as “false foot.” The pseudo pods purpose is for movement and to capture food. B. The following pictures show a common Protist called Amoeba proteus: (Retreived from the world wide web at http://www.microbe.org/microbes/protists1.asp) 1 What Kingdom does Amoeba proteus belong to? _________________________________________________________________ 2 In the first image above, what is the Letter A pointing to? __________________________________________________________________ 3 What is the function of this organelle? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 In the same image, what are the Letter B’s pointing to? ______________________ 5 What is the function of these structures? _________________________________________________________________ 6 What is the name of the process by which Amoeba capture food? __________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ C. Observation of the Amoeba Observation 1: Amoeba in motion https://youtu.be/7pR7TNzJ_pA Describe the amoeba and it’s movement: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Observation 2: Amoeba eats paramecia https://youtu.be/mv6Ehv06mXY Describe the amoeba eating the paramecium: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ D. Labeling Word Bank: Cell membrane, contractile vacuole, food vacuole, nucleus, and pseudopod. Source: http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/biohome.htm E. Questions 1. How is the amoeba an example of an organism? (Hint: think of the characteristics all living things have in common.) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How would you classify an amoeba: animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like? Why? Support your answer with evidence.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Research how amoeba reproduce and summarize your findings. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part 3: Paramecium Lab Objectives: · Observe the paramecium and how they move · Identify the parts of a Paramecium A. Introduction of Paramecium Paramecium is unicellular and moves by using cilia. Cilia are short, hair-like structures that are found on the surface of the organism which are used for movement, capturing food, and sensing the environment. Paramecium’s are covered the entire cell. Paramecia are found in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments are often found in basins and ponds. The pellicle is a rigid part that is found above the cell membrane. It is rigid and helps give the shape of the paramecium only. The paramecium may bend and twist. The oral grooves are indentations to help in the capture of food through endocytosis. Food vacuoles are found in the paramecium as a result of the endocytosis and the lysosomes help break down that food in the vacuoles. The anal pore allows the waste to leave the paramecium. The contractile vacuoles are star shaped, which allow the paramecium to collect and remove water. There are two nuclei; the larger one is visible and controls the functioning of the paramecium. The smaller nuclei controls reproduction. They reproduce sexually by conjugation and asexually by binary fission. and divide. B. The following pictures show a common Protist called Paramecium caudatum: (Retreived from the world wide web at http://www.microbe.org/microbes/protists1.asp) 1 What Kingdom does Paramecium caudatum belong to? __________________________ What Phylum does Paramecium caudatum belong to? __________________________ 2 In the first microimage above, what is the Letter A pointing to? ___________________ 3 What is the function of this organelle? ________________________________________ 4 In the same microimage, what is the Letter B pointing to? ______________________ 5 What is the function of this structure? ______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6 The Letter C is pointing to the Contractile Vacuole. What is the function of this organelle? _________________________________________________________________________ 7 What are the structures on the outside of the paramecium called? _________________ 8 In what two ways do these help the Paramecium? _______________________________ C. Observation of the Paramecium Observation 1: Paramecium Vacuole https://youtu.be/9Ynm5ZOW59Q Describe the vacuole and explain its purpose: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ D. Labeling Word Bank: anal pore, contractile vacuole, cytoplasm, cilia, food vacuole, oral groove, pellicle, large nucleus, small nucleus (http://bilingualbiology10.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html, modified to match the vocabulary of this online lab.) E. Questions 1. How is the paramecium an example of a living thing? (Hint: think about what all living things have in common) __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. How do the structures of the paramecium help it survive? Give specific examples. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 3. How would you classify this paramecium: animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like. Why? ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 4. Argue a position on this claim: "A paramecium is an example of a simple organism." Do you agree or disagree? Why? How would you respond to someone who holds the opposite position? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Adapted from http://labs.7bscience.com/ and Foley-Peres (2004) Protist lab. Flower Lab FLOWER DISSECTION Background Information: There are 2 types of plants which reproduce by sexual reproduction, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. The reproductive organs of gymnosperms are found in the cones from coniferous trees some are male and some are female. The reproductive organs of the angiosperm are found in the flowers. Most flowers contain both male and female organs. Every flower consists of a set of adaptations that help to ensure successful reproduction. For example, flowers often have bright colors, attractive shapes, and pleasing