PROJECT TOPIC: PROSPECT AND CHALLENGES OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM FIRST GENERATION BIODISEL FEEDSTOCK Reviewer 1: Abstract (Max score 4) Abstract should accurately and concisely capture the thesis...

Abstract
Two idriving iforces iof iglobal ichange iwill ihave ia idecisive iinfluence ion ithe ifuture iof iworld iagriculture iand iforestry, iand itherefore ion ipoverty ireduction, ithe ienvironment iand ieconomic igrowth iin ideveloping icountries. iThese iare ithe iongoing iclimate ichange, iand iour iincreasingly ipressing ineed ito iswitch ito irenewable, ii.e. isustainable ienergy. iProgress itowards isubstituting ifossil ifuels iwith irenewable ienergy isources iwill imitigate ithe irisk iof isevere iclimate ichange. iBiomass iwill iprovide ione iprincipal isource iof ifuture irenewable ienergy, iin iaddition ito iwind, isolar, iwater, iand iother isources. iWe ifocus ion ibiomass ifrom iagriculture iand iforestry, iwith ithe iobjective iof ireviewing ithe icurrent isituation iand iprobable ifuture itrends iin ideveloped iand ideveloping icountries iconcerning ithe iproduction iof ibiofuels, ii.e. ienergy iproduced ifrom ibiomass. iBiofuels ihold ia inumber iof ipromising iprospects, ibut ialso ipresent ichallenges, iespecially ifor ideveloping icountries. iA ireview iof ithese ipotentials iand ichallenges iis ipresented, iwhich ilead ito ithe iconclusion ithat ithe iproduction iand iuse iof ibiofuels iin ideveloped iand ideveloping icountries icould ipotentially iprovide ia iwin-win-win iproposal ifor ieconomic igrowth, ipoverty ireduction iand ienvironmental isustainability, iif ithe iappropriate ipolicies iand irelated iinstitutional iand itechnological iinnovations iare ipromoted. iThe iimportant ichallenges ithat ibiofuels irepresent iare iidentified iand idiscussed, imost iimportantly ithe iexclusion iof ismallholders iin iproducing ibiomass ifor ibiofuels, ithe iissue iof ifood isecurity iand irising ifood iprices iin iglobal iand ilocal imarkets. iWe iconclude ithat iin iorder ito imaster ithe ichallenges iand icapitalize ion ithe ipromising iprospects ibiofuels ihold ifor isustainable idevelopment, imassive iinvestments iin iagricultural iresearch iand iappropriate iinstitutional iand ipolicy iframeworks iare irequired.
Methodology iApproach
This isection ioutlines ithe iapproaches iused ito idevelop ithe isupply icurves iand iother idata ipresented iin ithe ireport. iThe iapproach ifor ideveloping isupply icurves iinvolved imany idiscrete icalculations iand isteps. iIn isome icases, idata ilimitations irequired iadditional isteps iand iadjustments iin ithe istandard iapproach idescribed ihere. iAny isuch ideviations iare inoted iin ithe icorresponding icountry-specific isections iAfter ideveloping iprojected isupply icurves ifor iselected icrops, iother isteps iare inecessary ifor ithe idata ito ibe iused iin ithe iMARKAL iglobal ienergy itrade imodel. iThe imodel ineeds ipredetermined iestimates iof ithe iportion iof itotal ifeedstock isupplies ithat iwill ibe iavailable ifor ipotential ibiofuel iproduction. iFinally, icellulosic isupplies iwere iestimated ifor ieach icountry. i
The imethodology iused ifor ieach iof ithese icalculations i— icrop isupply icurves, iportion iavailable ifor iexport iand/or ibiofuel iproduction, iand icellulosic isupply iestimates i— iis isummarized ibelow.
Table i1 iFirst-generation ibiofuels
    Pros
    Cons
    • iSimple iand iwell-known iproduction imethods
i
• iFamiliar ifeedstocks i
• iScalable ito ismaller iproduction icapacities i
• iFungibility iwith iexisting ipetroleum-derived ifuels
• iExperience iwith icommercial iproduction iand iuse iin iseveral icountries
    • iFeedstocks icompete idirectly iwith icrops igrown ifor ifood i
• iProduction iby-products ineed imarkets i
• iHigh-cost ifeedstocks ilead ito ihigh-cost iproduction i(except iBrazilian isugar icane iethanol)
• iLow iland-use iefficiency i
• iModest inet ireductions iin ifossil ifuel iuse iand igreenhouse igas iemissions iwith icurrent iprocessing imethods i(except iBrazilian isugar icane iethanol)
iFeedstock iCrop iSupply iCurves i
In ieconomic itheory, ithe isupply icurve ifor ia igiven igood/service ican ibe iexpressed ias ithe isum iof ithe imarginal icost icurves iof ithe iindividual iproducers. iSupply icurves inormally ihave iincreasing icost ion ithe ivertical iaxis iand icumulative isupply ion ithe ihorizontal iaxis. iThe icurves iusually iare iupward-sloping idue ito ithe iconcept iof idiminishing imarginal ireturns. iIn ipractice, idata iare ilumped itogether iby igroups iof iproducers, iso ithat iempirical isupply icurves iare istep ifunctions idepicting icumulative iproduction iat idifferent iaverage icosts/values. iIncremental iproduction ion ieach isegment iof ithe icurve irepresents ithe icontribution iof ia itechnology, iproduction iunit, ior igroup iof iproducers iwith ithat iaverage icost/value iof iproduction. iThe ieconomic irelationship iunderpinning ia isupply icurve iassumes ithat iother ifactors iremain iequal. iIn ipractice, imany iother ifactors, iranging ifrom iweather ito ialternative icrops, iinfluence ithe isupply-price irelationship. i
The ipresent istudy iwas idesigned ito iuse iexisting idata. iWhile iacceptable istatistics ion iaverage iproduction iand iprices iat ithe inational ilevel iare iusually iavailable, idetailed idata ion icosts iof iproduction iby iindividual iproducer igroups iare idifficult ior iimpossible ito ifind iin imost icases. iAn iinitial iexploration iof idata isources irevealed ithat ithe imost idetailed iand iconsistent idata ion icrop iproduction iare iusually igenerated iat ithe iprovince/state ilevel. iCorresponding istate-level iaverage iprices ior icosts iare iavailable ifor imost iof ithe itraditional ifeedstock icrops iand icountries iselected ifor istudy. iTherefore, ithe isupply icurves ideveloped ihere iare ibased ion ithe istate-level idata iwhenever ipossible. iThese isupply icurves iare iprojected ifrom ithe imost irecent iyear iwith icomplete idata i(usually i2005) iinto ithe ifuture ito i2012, i2017, iand i2027, ibased ion ithe istate ilevel icosts iand ihistoric itrends iin iproduction ifor ithe iselected icrop. iThe iprimary isteps iinvolved iin igenerating ifeedstock icrop isupply icurves iare isummarized ibelow. i
• iStates/provinces iserve ias ithe iindividual isegments ior iproduction iunits iof ithe iprojected isupply icurves. i
i• iA ibase-year isupply icurve ifor ieach icountry iand icrop icombination iis igenerated iusing ithe imost irecent iyear ifor iwhich icost/value i(in i2005 iUS$) iand iproduction i(in imillion imetric itonnes, immt) istatistics iare iavailable i(usually i2005). iThe isupply icurve iis igenerated iby iranking ithe istate-level iproduction iof ia icrop iin iorder iof iincreasing iunit ivalue iand icumulating ithe iresulting isupply idata. iIn ithe icase iof iCBI, iaverage icost iand isupply idata ifrom iproducing iCBI-member inations iwere iused iinstead iof istates, ifollowing ithe isame imethodology idescribed ihere.
i• iState-level icost idata iwere iunavailable ifor ia ifew icrop-country icombinations iand iin ithose icases ithe inational iaverage iprice/cost iof iproduction iwas iestimated iand iused ito imake isingle ipoint isupply iprojections.
i• iThe iprices/costs iassociated iwith isupply iin ithe ibase iyear iare iassumed ito ibe iconstant iinto ithe ifuture, iallowing ithe ianalysis ito ifocus ion iprojecting icrop iproduction ito i2012, i2017, iand i2027.
i• iThe ifuture isupply iprojections iare ibased ion icompound igrowth irates iof iharvested iarea iand iyield icalculated ifrom ihistoric itrends iat ithe istate ilevel iover ithe imost irecent iseven iyears iof idata.
i This i7-year iinterval imatches ithe itime iperiod ibetween ithe imost icommon irecent iyear iof idata iavailable i(2005) iand i2012, ithe ifirst iyear iof iprojected iproduction.
i• iSupply iprojections ireflect ia irange iof iprojected iproduction ithrough ilow-growth, ibaseline iand ihigh-growth icases. iThese iare iestablished ias ifollows: i
1. Independent iof ithe istate-level iprojections, inational...