Bn106

Networking Basics
Submitted by: Student_Name
Introduction:
I am working at University of Leeds UK as a network manager. It is School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering. The school is going to develop new LAN architecture for every floor. As a network manager, I am going to write report for new LAN architecture.
A network is what actually joins different computers, interrelated computing devices, mobile devices and all peripheral devices. And networking is the technique of establishing the communication network in these devices. The most crucial basics of networking are “Switches”, “Routers” and “Wireless Access points”. Now to connect these local networks together, Routers are used.
Various models have been designed to understand Networking basics. These models are used by organization to run their networks. Let’s understand about OSI model, its layer architecture, protocols and its comparison to TCP/IP model.
Layers of OSI Model:
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) was evolved by ISO, International organization of Standardization in 1974. OSI model is 7-layer architecture. Each layer has its own functions. These 7 layers work together to communicate data from a system to other around the world. It can be represented as:
1) Physical Layer (1st layer): As per the name suggests this layer actually creates the physical connection between the physical devices. This layer carries the data in the bit’s structure. When the layer accepts data signal, it converts the data into the 0s and 1s and then redirect it to the Data Link layer. The data in 0s and 1s looks like:
2) Data Link Layer (2nd layer): This data link layer over the physical layer has the responsibility to pass the message from one node to another node. It is the responsibility of this layer to make sure data transferred should be error free. It transmits the bit’s data receiver to another node using the receiver node’s MAC address.
Functionalities of this layer are:
i. Fastening of special bits to the beginning and at the end of the frame, called framing.
ii. After this, the physical address (MAC) of the sender or receiver is added to the header.
iii. All the destructed and departed frames are cached and re-sent by this layer.
iv. Data flow and synchronization of the sent data including its acknowledgement.
3) Network Layer (3rd layer): The function of this layer is to transmit the data from one system to the other system which belongs to the different network. This layer also decides the shortest path i.e. transmission route of the packet. In the header of the packet, network layer also stores the sender or receiver IP address. This layer is executed by Routers.
4) Transport Layer (4th layer): Transport layer function is to take solution from network layer and supply the services to the application layer. Segment is the word referred to the data transmitted through transport layer.
At the sender node, this layer accepts data from session layer and transforms it into segments and execute segment flow and error control. Then it adds port numbers of source and destination in the packet header and sends it to network layer.
At receiver end, it identifies the port number from header and sends the data further. Here this layer maintains ordering and organizing of the segmented data.
5) Session Layer (5th layer): Connection creation, session nurturing, its authorization, and security implementation are the basic functions of session layer.
i. The creation, execution and...