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Extracted text: Pre-industrial questions that converged in the 19th century became the roots of the history of electrical physics. STATIC ELECTRICITY - the electrical charge produced by stationary friction CURRENT - electricity as a flow of electrical charge - can happen either by the movement of electrons through wires or by the movement of ions FRANCIS HAUSKBEE (early 1700s) - found out that spinning glass globe produced electricity, thus creating one of the first generators STEPHEN GRAY and GRANVILLE WHELER (7917) - discovered that electricity can be communicated over long distances by contact (important first step toward researching currents) BEN FRANKLIN (1752) - succeeded in "drawing off" electrical fire through flying his kite in a storm - developed the lightning rod LUIGI GALVANI (late 1700s) - conducted many freaky experiments with frogs - theorized the existence of animal electricity (the electrical basis of nerve impulses) ALESSANDRO VOLTA - inspired by Galvani to push his works on nerves further - created the first practical method of generating electricity - the first known battery - the voltaic pile - (1800s) created a stable source of electrical current (by stacking pairs of copper and zinc discs, separated by brine cloth or cardboard) HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED (1820) - conducted further experiments and showed that electric currents actually produce nearly circular magnetic fields when they flow through wires (Oersted's Law) ANDRE-MARIE AMPERE (late in 1820) -showed that two parallel electrical wires attract each other - current flow in two wires are in the same direction - attract - current flow in two wire are in opposite direction - repel - force is inversely proportional to the distance between the wires (Ampere's Law - force is directly proportional to the intensity of the current (Ampere's Law) suggested that there must be some "electromagnetic molecule" that carried the current of electricity and magnetism (basis of electrons) Ampere's insights became the foundation of the quantitative science of electromagnetism, electrodynamics. GEORG OHM (1827) - conducted research using Volta's battery - published his discovery that the electrical current between two points is directly proportional to the voltage, or potential difference between them (Ohm's Law) Ohm's Law can be expressed using the concept of resistance, or the difficulty of passing an electric current through that conductor. In a really simple equation: I = V/R, where I is current (Ampere), V is voltage (Volta), and R is resistance (Ohm). MICHAEL FARADAY (1821) - invented the electromagnetic motor (worked due to "electromagnetic rotation" - a motion made by the circular magnetic force around an electrified wire
Extracted text: - (1831) introduced the electromagnetic induction - the generation of electricity in one wire via the changing magnetic field created by the current in another wire - discovered the magneto-electric induction, which is the generation of steady, direct electrical current in a wire by attaching it to a copper disc, and then rotating the disc between the poles of a magnet (the first modern electrical generator) - proved that the electricity created by magnetic induction, the electricity produced by a voltaic battery, and good ole static electricity were all the same phenomenon - figured out how to make electricity do work on magnetism and vice versa Faraday's experiments led to the invention of electric motors, generators, and transformers. JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1855) - figured out the math involved in induction - dropped "On Faraday's Lines of Force" showing Faraday's discoveries about electricity and magnetism in the forms of different equation - introduced the Theory of Electromagnetism in parts over 1861 and '62 - theorized that electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light and that light must exist in the same medium as electrical and magnetic energy - laid the groundwork for modern physics by connecting light, electricity, and magnetism THOMAS EDISON - the "Wizard of Menlo Park" or the "Napoleon of Science" - made incandescent light bulb - saw the potential for an entire electrical grid (includes the generation of power, distribution to homes and businesses, and the invention of useful products that required electricity to work JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831) published a set of equations now known as the Maxwell's equation - proved that light, electricity, and magnetism all came from the same force (electromagnetic force) → lead to the discovery of electrons electromagnetic waves that spread out through space from the point of origin, potentially forever - measured how fast the EM waves were moving and found that they traveled at the speed of light He paved the way for the development of quantum mechanics