Practical 3: Lime softening for the treatment of industrial wastewater: XXXXXXXXXXPulp and paper mill effluent) Organics and nutrient removalIntroduction:Pollutants in domestic and industrial...

Practical 3: Lime softening for the treatment of industrial wastewater:
(Pulp and paper mill effluent) Organics and nutrient removal
Authors:
Your name (+team)
Abstract:
The water supplied for public consumption (distribution) needs to be treated chemically to provide safe potable water, since wastewater from pulp and paper mill is highly toxic containing both organic and inorganic chemicals including microorganisms. The main objective of water treatment is to maintain near pH (=7) to attain neutral state for achieving safe to drink and we will be using lime softening method for treating PPW wastewater.
Introduction:
The industrial wastewater like printing industry, sugar industry, food industry, dairy industry, pulp and paper mills (PPW) along with domestic sewage contains high amount of organic and inorganic chemicals, including health hazardous microorganisms namely amoeba, bacteria, virus, protozoa and invertebrate parasites. In general chemicals from industry wastewater is comprised of chemicals from reaction/process from source as well applied materials.
Most of the scenarios treating of industrial waste water is not economically feasible in removal of pollutants mainly disease-causing microorganisms and discharge to environment without treating will be having serious consequence effect. In Australia EPA is existing in most part of states/county and in US in different name organisation exists and their main functionality is to check sites periodically to caught guidelines violators, generally most of the industries are not following EPA guidelines since it costs organization economically for following guidelines strictly which results in violation from polluters which is going unnoticed for long time causing severe damage to environment and ecosystem.
In this experiment we will be using lime softening method to analyse key pollutants from PPW wastewater for removal of pollutants comprised of colour, organic load, COD, pH and phosphates by using chemical method.
Materials and Methods:
Chemicals and equipment: Pulp and Paper Mill wastewater, latex gloves, safety glasses, lab coat, pH meter, calcium hydroxide, copy of MSDS (Calcium Hydroxide), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, UV (1 cm2) and colour (1 x 5 cm glass) cuvettes, analytical balance, magnetic stirrer device, phosphate standard solution 0.001M.
Procedure:
1. Pour 500 mL of the sample of pulp and paper mill wastewater (PPW) into a 1 litre beaker. Measure the pH. An additional sample of the PPW will be required to be filtered to obtain about 30 mL for later analysis and can be stored in a 100 mL beaker. Accurately weigh about 0.1 gram of calcium hydroxide and add this to the 500 mL sample and mix with magnetic stirrer. Avoid creating a dust plume when handling this. Record your observations and measure the pH. Add a further 0.1 gram of calcium hydroxide and again record your observations and measure the pH. Continue this until a definite floc formation is evident and the supernatant appears to be clear. Record how much calcium hydroxide was required to develop coagulation and flocculation of your sample. Then place a Whatman No. 1 filter paper in a glass funnel and carefully pour about 50 mL of the supernatant solution through the filter into a beaker. This sample is called the clarified...