please use powerpoint and article as reference for this assignment
The first part of Chapter 12 talks about several theories and models that one might use to help them cope. Which ones do you feel would be the most relevant in our society and why? Which do you feel would not work very well and why? Talk about some examples that would help you apply these theories and models.
PowerPoint Presentation Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Adulthood and Aging Chapter Coping and Support in Late Adulthood 12 Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Coping Strategies and Aging Changes accompanying old age require adjustments Ageism, lifestyle/housing transitions, disease, illness Variations in cognitive and physical abilities of older adults exist Use mature, adaptive coping strategies Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Nondevelopmental Models of Coping Problem-focused coping strategies: search for solutions/resolutions to stressors Emotion-focused strategies: source of stress cannot be changed Problem-focused coping decreases with age Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Developmental Regulation Gains and losses likely at each stage of life Developmental regulation: maintaining personal control over gains and losses Primary control: gaining functional control over immediate surrounding Achieved by changing physical and social surroundings Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Developmental Regulation (cont'd) Use of primary control: Increases in young adulthood Peaks in middle adulthood Decreases at end of life Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Developmental Regulation (cont'd) Secondary control: Conscious adjustment of sense of self, identity, motivation, to cope with external changes Increases throughout life Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) SST: using social relationships to cope with stress Decremental theories: focus on the losses of friends/relatives Selectivity theories: select/choose friends using own experience Energy to maintain social relationships decreases with years Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) (cont'd) Studies find otherwise SST: shift with age seen in emotional regulation and knowledge acquisition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) (cont'd) Emotional regulation: managing experience of positive and negative emotions Use of positive emotion words increase with age Leads to healthy adaptation to change, successful aging Greater sense of well-being Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Figure 12.1 Pennebaker and Stone (2003) graphed the use of positive and negative emotion words across the life span, illustrating the dramatic difference in late adulthood. From Pennebaker & Stone (2003, p. 296). Copyright by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) Coping a result of assimilation and accommodation Assimilation: adjusting personal circumstances to cope with situation Accommodation: adjusting goals, lowering expectations to cope with disappointing situations Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) (cont'd) Selection: involves surveying resources, time, energy, determining priorities, identifying goals Optimization: maximizing performance by acquiring new information/skills, networking, seeking help from others Compensation: adjusting to limitations, constraints, losses Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Coping and Adaptive Technology Many older adults rely on assistive technologies Popularity and widespread use of technologies depends on: Profitability to manufacturers Availability/affordability to users Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Environmental Gerontology Is the study of ways adults and their environments function/interact with age For older adults, environment changes over years: Does not meet current needs Becomes difficult Provokes anxiety Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Environmental Gerontology (cont'd) Adapt by changing behaviors or environment using coping strategies When sensory and cognitive functions in conflict, older adults give priority to sensory functions Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Adaptive Technology and Older Adults Adapting to and adopting technology reduces: Worry and anxiety experienced by friends and family, and older person Work of a caregiver Older adults be allowed to exercise choice in technology to be used for them Increases sense of well-being Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Adaptive Technology and Older Adults (cont'd) Technology can be applied to personal needs Adaptive technologies vary in: Complexity Cost Adaptive technologies useful when: They are comfortable Are not intimidating Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Technology and Older Drivers Vehicles: A form of person-environment interaction Help older adults meet needs Enhances quality of life Older adults involved in more accidents than younger adults Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Technology and Older Drivers (cont'd) Older adults: Choose routes carefully Avoid congested areas Avoid heavy traffic Avoid driving at night Avoid driving in bad weather Combine errands With reduction in physical and cognitive abilities, many give up driving privileges Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Computer Literacy and Older Adults In very late adulthood use of the following decreases: Computer software Internet Cell phones ATM Many websites not elderly friendly Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Computer Literacy and Older Adults (cont'd) Some studies do not find generational differences in use of computers With training, older adults use computer technology; enjoy it Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Computer Literacy and Older Adults (cont'd) Use Internet for: Email Locating health-related information Generating income from home Shopping online Social interaction Seeking support from online communities Internet enhances quality of life for older adults Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Coping by Accepting Social Support Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Social Relationship and Support Social support: companionship, friendships, acquaintance-type relationships, and negative interactions Social support network: people who help Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Social Relationship and Support (cont'd) Assistance provided: instrumental or physical help, provide information, emotional support/comfort Spouse or partner: primary source of support Older children, siblings, friends also supportive Older adults close with friends and siblings of similar age Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Social Relationship and Support (cont'd) Social networks reduce as adults age Grow in size as adults have increased disability Most have 5 members in inner network circle Members reduce with lower SES Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Social Relationship and Support (cont'd) Supportive, high-quality relationships: Better general functioning Proactive coping Less depression Perceived social support associated with sense of well-being Actual support received associated with negative well-being Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason A Closer Look at Caregivers Caregivers can be: Spouses Adult children Grandchildren Adolescents in family Positive feelings from caregiving: Loved one is being cared for Financial viability Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason A Closer Look at Caregivers (cont'd) Pinquart and Sorensen, (2003): characteristics of caregivers: Female In early 60s Spouse or adult child of care recipient Provide over 40 hours of care per week Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason A Closer Look at Caregivers (cont'd) Those receiving care: Usually in 70s Can be male or female Psychological health of caregivers: Depressed Experience personal stress Poor sense of well-being More belong to ethnic minorities Poorer SES Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason A Closer Look at Caregivers (cont'd) Support groups can alleviate depression Online booklet Caring for the Caregiver Resource: long-distance caregiving Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Religiosity, Coping, and Aging Religiosity: behaviors and activities related to a religious community Spirituality: one’s sense of inner harmony, faith, and personal beliefs Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Religious Views of Aging Few modern religions celebrated adulthood, aging Four distinct life periods in Hindu literature: Student stage Marriage/family Retirement Renunciation Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Religious Views of Aging (cont'd) Confucianism emphasizes five relationships: Parent-child Older sibling-younger sibling Older friend-younger friend Husband-wife Ruler-subject Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Religious Views of Aging (cont'd) Ritual celebrations in middle age and older adulthood are ignored Rituals are psychologically powerful Rituals and celebrations can benefit older adults Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Adult Religious Development Fowler’s theory of faith development: Stage 1: intuitive-protective faith: Experienced in childhood Child enters into dramatic religious feelings and emotions through imagination Stage 2: Mythic-literal stage: Early and middle childhood Religion viewed in a concrete way Adults may operate at this stage Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Adult Religious Development (cont'd) Stage 3: synthetic-conventional faith: Adolescence to young adulthood Religion is personal Is a part of identity Appreciation of personal relationships and religious heritage Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Adult Religious Development (cont'd) Stage 4: individuative-reflective faith Middle and late adulthood Critical evaluation of beliefs, faiths of self and group members Stage 5: Conjunctive faith: Resolution to stage 4 Recognize meaning and sense in traditions/rituals Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Adult Religious Development (cont'd) Stage 6: universalizing faith Abstract stage Experienced by those who have dedicated life to highest religious principles Rare Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Adult Religious Development (cont'd) Criticisms of theory: Theory close to Kohlberg’s theory of moral and cognitive development Linear and orderly Has no provisions for skipping/regressing step(s) Model too optimistic Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved