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IEEE Paper Word Template in A4 Page Size (V3) Design of a FMCW radar system for 24 GHz operation based on 0.18m CMOS process Name#1 # Laboratory, School, Country Abstract — In this work, I proposed a FMCW radar system based on the 0.18m CMOS process provided by Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute (TSRI). To form a FMCW radar system, multiple circuits are included, such as VCO, mixer, frequency doubler and power amplifier. Since the process is not a strong candidate for such high frequency operation, by fulfilling the specification can be taken as a challenge. Keywords — FMCW, 0.18 m CMOS, high linearity power amplifier Introduction FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave) radar systems have become commonly used in automotive applications over the last few years, as digital automotive radar is more flexible and, when the environment changes, these programs can be updated accordingly. FMCW radar systems are already on the market as an active safety system which protects drivers and minimizes damage to all road vehicles. FMCW radar enables simpler hardware and architecture and a lower peak power output and cost than a pulse-waveform implementation. Recently, FMCW radar systems have successfully been applied to measure the distances, angles and speeds of moving targets for automotive applications such as blind spot detection, lane change assistance, smart cruise control, parking, and anti-collision warning systems. At this time, low-cost FMCW radar is preferred in such automotive applications. Circuitry block Block Diagram and Specification Fig.1 Block diagram In Figure 1, the block diagram of the total circuit of the FMCW Radar system is shown. There are VCO, frequency doubler, power amplifier and a mixer, also the antenna are designed to receive signal. Now, in the following sections, I’m going to talk about the specification of the parts of the FMCW Radar system. Before going through the design and their specification, the most need to know things are about the factors which affect the FMCW Radar system, they are shown as the following, the power of transmitter, antenna gain and beam shape, receiver sensitivity, noise from the outside and itself, and the reflection area. The last one which is the reflection area is quite a need to know thing, due to the reason that radar system uses a high frequency electromagnetic wave, in the route of the wave, any object may affect it to perform reflection and scattering, also the most well-known thing is metal may be taken as the best reflect object. Here’s the point, the object which is further from the radar will reflect less wave than the one nearer, on the other hand, if the two objects are having the same distance and size, their flatness will be the mainly concerned issue, since the flat one will perform a better reflection. Voltage Controlled Oscillator An amplifier constructed by an active circuit is used to provide amplification, oscillation circuits are applied to select specific signal frequency, then send the needed oscillation signal to the load. As we see in the simulation result in figure 2, as there are negative impedance at 5.6~6.8 GHz, so this part can be taken as an oscillator design. Moreover, at the frequency 6GHz, the imaginary part of the impedance is 0, which can fulfill the condition of oscillation. The ADS simulation graph is simulated by the S2P file output from the Spectre RF software. Fig.2 Schematic of VCO Frequency Doubler A frequency doubler is an electronic circuit that generates an output signal whose output frequency is a harmonic of its input frequency. Frequency doublers consist of a nonlinear circuit that distorts the input signal and consequently generates harmonics of the input signal. A subsequent bandpass filter selects the desired harmonic frequency and removes the unwanted fundamental and other harmonics from the output. Next, we’ll going to fulfill the design of two frequency doublers of making 6GHz to 12GHz and 12GHz to 24GHz, the schematic is shown in figure 3 The structure are almost the same for the two different frequency doubler, only some component parameters are different from each other. Fig.3 Schematic of Frequency Doubler Mixer In electronics, a mixer, or frequency mixer, is a nonlinear electrical circuit that creates new frequencies from two signals applied to it. In its most common application, two signals are applied to a mixer, and it produces new signals at the sum and difference of the original frequencies. Other frequency components may also be produced in a practical frequency mixer. Mixers are widely used to shift signals from one frequency range to another, a process known as heterodyning, for convenience in transmission or further signal processing. For example, a key component of a superheterodyne receiver is a mixer used to move received signals to a common intermediate frequency. Frequency mixers are also used to modulate a carrier signal in radio transmitters. Power Amplifier In this design, I choose to make a driver stage with the device which is set as 8*25um, and the device in the power stage are all set as 4*25um. Also, a Wilkinson power divider and combiner is applied in the design, which we know that CMOS device is hard to output an ideal power at higher frequency or even none, so I consider that if I’m able to combine more devices, then I’ll be able to form the outcome that I’m looking to achieve. In my design, I built a 1 to 4 ways Wilkinson power divider to split my power in to four devices and combine them together by the symmetric combiner. Due to the complexity of forming a really tough case, I’m just going through the traditional one, the following equation shows the transformation of impedance via a transmission line, The selected bias voltage are both the same for driver stage and the power stage, since I’m using a low impedance transmission line for my Wilkinson Power Divider and Combiner, so the loss via the transmission lines are not really large to be consider. While designing the power divider, we try to match the device to an optimum load of 50 ohm which we often connect to the measurement equipment. Between the two stages, input and output, I put 1pF capacitors to form a DC block to block the DC signal flowing through. Due to the large value, the capacitance might not affect the matching too much. Fig.4 Small signal performance for the designed PA Conclusion A FMCW radar system is simulated after combining all the designed parts together, then the simulation is processed via MATLAB. The results are shown in the figures below, Fig.5 Range-Speed Response Pattern Fig.6 Signal Spectrum References Front-End Circuit Design and Integration of 24GHz FMCW Radar System, Hung Wei Huang Design and Implementation of a 24GHz FMCW Radar System for Automotive Applications, Yeonghwan Ju, Youngseok Jin, Jonghun Lee Design of an FMCW radar baseband signal processing system for automotive application, Jau-Jr Lin, Yuan-Ping Li, Wei-Chiang Hsu and Ta-Sung Lee A modular FMCW radar RF front end design: Simulation and implementation, Birkan Dagdeviren, Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz and Ali Kara