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Disability and Institutionalization 6 DISABILITY AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION DSAB 208 Professor Dani Lucchese April 21, 2022 Introduction: In Foucauldian discourse, the history of institutionalizing 'mad' people became a norm at the onset of the modern era, intending to cure the mentally unstable and confining them to protect others. The desire to isolate the disabled from the normal ones also included people who did not conform to traditional societal roles. Although these places of incarceration were intensely criticized, they continued popping up well into the twentieth century, with the last mental asylum of the British Commonwealth opening in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, in 1921.[footnoteRef:1] [1: “Institutionalization”, https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/54823635bf64660000000001 ] Institutionalizing the disabled: Institutionalization is establishing a norm through an action. By definition, institutionalization demarcates between acceptable and unacceptable. Therefore, the institutions that housed mentally disabled people played a role in segregating the normal and the abnormal. In the nineteenth century, living conditions in these institutions were poor, coupled with widespread poverty. This gave rise to social thinkers writing extensively on the nature of the intellectual deficiency and their poverty. According to Kathryn Irving, "(a) transatlantic revolution in the theory of "mental deficiency" in the first half of the nineteenth century paved the way for the establishment of "idiot schools" in the United States, beginning in Massachusetts in 1848". As public facilities across the U.S. and Europe were established, disabled persons were given a chance to change their lives and place in society. Edouard Seguin's name is vital in treating the disabled through fivefold physiological methods. However, social isolation of the disabled continued well into the early twentieth century, reaching its peak through the extermination of the disabled during WWII, when the Nazis mobilized the involuntary euthanasia program.Comment by
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[email protected]: Examples? Inclusivity and Deinstitutionalization: In their cross-sectional study, Lieberman et al. worked with three groups, concluding that institutionalized individuals show "noxious physical and psychological effects upon the individual, whether young or old" (343). A significant amount of knowledge of institutionalization on individuals can be found from first-hand accounts of inmates telling the horrors of sexual exploitation, lack of resources, negligence, etc. The arduous progress toward Deinstitutionalization began in the late nineteenth-early twentieth century when organizations pressed for legislative actions. The notorious 1913 British act was labeled "coercive and cruel." The 1983 Mental Health Act allowed for the detention of individuals against their wishes. The British government reviewed it in 2017, considering the number of people detained under the act who are often ethnically marginal.[footnoteRef:2] In the U.S., the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is often considered a successor of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as it added mentally disabled individuals to the list. The act made provisions for the employment and enjoyment of services and products.[footnoteRef:3] With the gradual dissolution of long-stay mental institutions, the much-awaited shift occurred wherein community-majority systems provided support, treatment, and services to the disabled. Instead of keeping them away from the community, a re-entry into it was aimed. Lack of infrastructural requirements for a burgeoning population, such as stated by Daniel Yohanna, further led to Deinstitutionalization, although those with long-term needs may still require "treatment… in a real asylum such as the ancients imagined".[footnoteRef:4] Comment by
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[email protected]: How so? Elaborate. [2: “Reforming the Mental Health Act”, https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/reforming-the-mental-health-act/reforming-the-mental-health-act-summary ] [3: “Introduction to the ADA”, https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm ] [4: “Deinstitutionalization of People”, https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/deinstitutionalization-people-mental-illness-causes-and-consequences/2013-10 ] References Action for Access - Changing Perceptions of Disability in American Life. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2022, from http://actionforaccess.mohistory.org/early_movement.php Friedman, C. (2019). The Relationship Between Disability Prejudice and Institutionalization of People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 57(4), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-57.4.263 Institutions and People with Intellectual Disabilities - Submissions, Reports, and Briefs. (2018, November 26). Inclusion BC. https://inclusionbc.org/our-resources/institutions/ Institutionalization. The Eugenics Archives. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/54823635bf64660000000001 Institutional Survivorship: Abandonment and t "e "Machinery of the Establishment" t." (n.d.). Waterloo.Ca. https://cjds.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cjds/article/download/368/602 Irving, K. (n.d.). The American Idiot Schools: Disability and segregation in the Nineteenth Century. The American Idiot Schools: Disability and Segregation in the Nineteenth Century | Consortium for History of Science, Technology, and Medicine. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://www.chstm.org/news/american-idiot-schools-disability-and-segregation-ninet eenth-century Morton A. Lieberman, Ph.D., Valencia N. Prock, Ph.D., Sheldon S. Tobin, Ph.D., Psychological Effects of Institutionalization, Journal of Gerontology, Volume 23, Issue 3, July 1968, Pages 343–353, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/23.3.343 Reforming the mental health act: Summary. GOV.UK. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/reforming-the-mental-health-act/refor ing-the-mental-health-act-summary Search ada.gov. Introduction to the ADA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm Special Needs Alliance. (2014, August 13). Special Needs History. https://www.specialneedsalliance.org/special-needs-history/ Schädler, J. (2003). A new institutional approach towards quality assurance and quality development in services for persons with intellectual disability. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 5(3), 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/15017410309512628 The Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities. (n.d.). Parallels in time history of developmental disabilities. Parallels In Time | A History of Developmental Disabilities | Part One. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/four/4a/1.html The reasons for institutions | History of Developmental Services. (n.d.). Ontario.Gov. https://www.mcss.gov.on.ca/en/dshistory/reasons/index.aspx Walmsley, J. (2011). Institutionalization: a historical perspective. In Deinstitutionalization and people with intellectual disabilities: In and out of institutions. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://www.open.ac.uk/health-and-social-care/research/shld/sites/www.open.ac.uk.health-and-social-care.research.shld/files/files/ecms/web-content/shld-web-content/education-resources-home-a-history-of-institutions-jan-walmsley.pdf Yohanna, D. (2013, October 1). Deinstitutionalization of people with mental illness: Causes and consequences. Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/deinstitutionalization-people-mental-illne s-causes-and-consequences/2013-10 Kiyana, Great start! You make very interesting points and need to elaborate upon them further. Additionally, your paper needs to be in APA format. Overall, well organized. 10/15.