Please read the instructions from The docx file. Please read all assigned readings and answer the questions.
Instructions Black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) often experience racial stress and trauma in our current society due to discrimination in institutions (school, work, government, etc.), microaggressions in day-to-day life, and the legacy of racism and oppression in American history. Children and teens are not removed from these stressors and may also experience race-based stress. In an essay of 4-5 pages, you will explore and analyze how BIPOC (or a specific racial/cultural subgroup of) children and adolescents are likely to be impacted by a race- and/or culturally-based event or situation in our current U.S. society. To develop your essay, please do the following: 1. Choose an issue, event, or situation that can lead to racial stress or trauma for a child or adolescent of color. For example, you may focus on the killing of unarmed Black people by police, family separation or forced deportations of immigrants or refugees as a result of U.S. immigration policies and practices, or experiencing racial microaggressions in schools. 2. Describe how you think these experiences could be perceived by a child or teen. Consider both the experience of those who are directly involved in these events/situations (i.e. a child who is in an immigration detention center or who has been the target of racial aggression) AND the experiences of those who have witnessed such events either in person or through media exposure. 3. Drawing on and referring to the required reading for module 8, Content Guides 1 and 2, and the podcast interview with Resmaa Menakem, provide an analysis of how a child or teen could be impacted by the events/situations you describe. How might a child perceive or understand the situation? What might make the experience of trauma better or worse for the child? And what stress or trauma symptoms might the child have? 4. Finally, apply what you have learned about how parents and professionals can help children cope with trauma to this situation. What can adults do, formally and informally, to support children and teens who experience the kind of racial stress or trauma that you have been discussing in your essay? Your paper should be 4-5 pages in length and cite scholarly using APA formatting. You should rely primarily on scholarly sources but may use non-scholarly sources such as newspaper articles and reports from reputable organizations as well. To determine if a source is appropriate, please refer to this resource on the Empire State University online library, Evaluating Information Sources. Reading Assignments: · Deangelis, T. (2019). The legacy of trauma. Monitor on Psychology, 50 (2). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/02/legacy-trauma · Jernigan, M.M. & Henderson Daniel, J. (2011). Racial trauma in the lives of black children and adolescents: Challenges and clinical implications. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4. · Transcript of a Podcast: Author and therapist Resmaa Menakem interviewed on On Being with Krista Tippett https://onbeing.org/programs/resmaa-menakem-notice-the-rage-notice-the-silence/#transcript Dear Mental Health Practitioners, Take Care of Yourselves: a Literature Review on Self-Care REVIEW ARTICLE Dear Mental Health Practitioners, Take Care of Yourselves: a Literature Review on Self-Care Kirsten Posluns1 & Terry Lynn Gall1 Published online: 23 May 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Stress, burnout, and professional impairment are prevalent among mental health professionals and can have a negative impact on their clinical work, whilst engagement in self-care can help promote therapist well-being. This literature review examines the role of self-care in the promotion of well-being among mental health practitioners. Specifically, empirical research is presented in relation to specific domains of self-care practice, including awareness, balance, flexibility, physical health, social support, and spirituality. Findings from this review under- score the importance of taking a proactive approach to self-care and, in particular, integrating self-care directly into clinical training programs and into the quality assurance processes of professional organizations within the field of mental health. Keywords Stress . Burnout . Professional impairment . Self-care . Therapist well-being Introduction Mental health practitioners (e.g., counselors; psychotherapists) work in a culture of one-way caring (Guy 2000) in which they are required to demonstrate empathy, compassion and patience, without the expectation of receiving such care in return from their clients (Skovholt et al. 2001). To be effective in providing mental health services, practitioners must develop a professional alliance or working relationship with clients that maintains appropriate boundaries and levels of emotional or psychological involvement, and to do so consistently from one client to another (Skovholt and Trotter-Mathison 2011). Establishing and maintain- ing these one-way working relationships takes significant effort and energy (Skovholt and Trotter-Mathison 2011) placing practitioners at increased risk for negative outcomes such as stress (El-Ghoroury et al. 2012), burnout (Wityk 2003), and professional impairment (Harrison and Westwood 2009). Ironically, while helping clients move toward well-being, practitioners often can overlook their own needs (Barnett et al. 2007) and indeed may not have Blearned International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling (2020) 42:1–20 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09382-w * Terry Lynn Gall tgall@ustpaul.ca 1 Saint Paul University, Ottawa, Canada http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10447-019-09382-w&domain=pdf http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2496-0105 mailto:tgall@ustpaul.ca how to take the time to care and to nourish [themselves], having been trained to believe that this would be selfish^ (Sapienza and Bugental 2000, p. 459). As a result, engaging in self-care can often sit at the end of a practitioner’s to-do list, rather than being made a priority. Yet self-care, or attending to one’s own holistic well-being, can be a pathway towards preventing negative outcomes such as burnout (Barnett et al. 2007). Experienced therapists support including self-care as a primary objective for mental health practitioners (Jennings and Skovholt 1999; Thériault et al. 2015) and this should be recognized as a fundamental part of functioning in a helping career (Guy 2000). The practitioner is a Bpowerful but vulnerable tool in the caring process^ that requires attention and care (Sansó et al. 2015, p. 204) in order to prevent not only practitioner ill-health (Butler et al. 2017; Stebnicki 2007), but also negative consequences for the clients they serve (Bearse et al. 2013). In fact, mental health practitioners have an ethical duty to provide responsible caring, maximizing benefits and minimizing harm for their clients. In order to provide effective care to their clients, practitioners must first be well themselves (Norcross and Guy 2007). To promote responsible caring, several regulating bodies have, therefore, included practitioner self-care in their code of ethics. For instance, section II.12 of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists (Canadian Psychological Association 2017) states that, in accordance with the Principle of Responsible Caring, members are to Bengage in self-care activities that help to avoid conditions (e.g., burnout, addictions) that could result in impaired judgment and interfere with their ability to benefit and not harm others^. Regulatory bodies thus understand self-care as being an ethical obligation for the mental health professional. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the role of self-care within the context of mental health professions (counseling, psychotherapy, etc.). Specifically, this review will cover the following topics: negative health issues (e.g., burnout) for mental health practi- tioners; definition of self-care; types of self-care (e.g., life balance, spirituality) and their empirical support; and implications for the integration of self-care within training programs and professional organizations. The Downside of Mental Health Professions Stress among mental health professionals has been a known issue for decades, since Freud (1937/1963) discussed the stressfulness of therapist uncertainty around the issue of therapeutic success. For example, psychologists experience stressors in relation to the heavy emotional demands associated with clients’ presentations including client lack of improvement, symptom relapse, suicide ideation and attempts, aggressive or violent behaviours, as well as the practical demands related to paperwork, ethical practice, licensing, malpractice complaints, and profes- sional isolation (Barnett et al. 2007). Bettney (2017) also identified the work-related issues of large caseloads and negative team environments as being additional stressors for mental health practitioners. Given the presence of such multiple stressors, it is no wonder that practitioners, including graduate trainees, report a high level of stress and distress (El-Ghoroury et al. 2012; McKinzie et al. 2006; Myers et al. 2012). For example, 73% of Australian psychology postgraduate trainees reported clinically significant levels of distress (Pakenham and Stafford-Brown 2012). To complicate matters, mental health practitioners may not be fully aware of the impact of these various profession-related stressors and so will be less likely to see the need to engage in preventative measures (Barnett et al. 2007), or to seek treatment once the stressors have taken a toll (El-Ghoroury et al. 2012). Research has shown that for trauma 2 International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling (2020) 42:1–20 therapists, work-related stress is related to their use of avoidant coping strategies, such as denial (Killian 2008). Unfortunately, left unresolved, work stress can set the stage for more serious issues, such as burnout and professional impairment to emerge (Barnett et al. 2007; Clark et al. 2009). Burnout is described in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (Killian 2008), diminished self-efficacy (Stebnicki 2007), and reduced personal accomplishment (Clark et al. 2009). Burnout among mental health practitioners is more difficult to treat than general work stress (Dreison et al. 2018), highlighting the need for prevention or early treatment. Unfortu- nately, the prevalence of burnout among mental health professionals is significant. In one study, 13% of behavioral health providers were at risk of compassion fatigue or burnout (Sprang et al. 2007), while 49% of counselling or clinical trainees reported experiencing burnout (Kaeding et al. 2017). Burnout can lead to poor quality of life (Chang 2014) as it is associated with a variety of mental and physical health problems, including headaches, muscular pain, and depression (Ahola et al. 2007; Vlăduţ and Kállay 2010). In turn, practi- tioner burnout affects overall therapeutic effectiveness (Bearse et al. 2013), not only reducing the level of care provided by the practitioner, but potentially leading to more serious inappro- priate behaviours that can be harmful to clients. For example, Rupert and Kent (2007) found that psychologists’ emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of clients, two aspects of burnout, were related to practitioner over-involvement with clients and clients engaging in negative behaviours. The cumulative effects of emotional, mental, and physical burnout thus can lead to professional impairment in the provision of services (Figley 2002). The potential for profes- sional impairment is particularly increased for practitioners who work in the field of trauma, and is known variously as Bsecondary victimization^ (Figley 1988), Bvicarious traumatization^ (McCann and Pearlman 1990), Bcompassion fatigue^ (Figley 1995), and Bempathy fatigue^ (Stebnicki 1999). Vicarious traumatization, for example, has been recog- nized as a distinct occupational hazard for mental health professionals (Buchanan et al. 2006), as it can affect self-worth, identity, world view, basic beliefs, psychological needs, perception, and memory (Saakvitne 2002) and hinder or impair the practitioner’s initiatives towards professional development, personal growth, and holistic well-being (Stebnicki 2007). This type of counsellor impairment can significantly compromise therapeutic work, and pose harm to clients (Johnson et al. 2018; Lawson 2007). Given that both practitioner and client well- being are at risk when mental health professionals experience burnout, it is vital that steps are taken to address this issue (Barnett and Cooper 2009). Unfortunately, research has shown that interventions in reaction to practitioner burnout seem to demonstrate limited or no positive impact on the mental health of practitioners (Van Dam et al. 2011), thus shifting the spotlight toward preventative measures as a more desirable action. The Upside: Self-Care as Prevention There is substantial support for the beneficial effects of self-care practice in the reduction of negative outcomes such as burnout for mental health practitioners. While a lack of self-care is related to higher levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress symptoms, a greater risk of health status decline, and the experience of stress (Butler et al. 2017; Mayorga et al. 2015; Santana and Fouad 2017), engagement in self-care is associated with greater well-being (Colman et al. 2016), lower levels of stress and negative affect, higher levels of positive International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling (2020) 42:1–20 3 affect, flourishing, self-rated academic, and clinical performance (Zahniser et al. 2017), compassion satisfaction (Butler et al. 2017), and quality of life (Goncher et al. 2013). Overall, engagement in career-sustaining behaviours is linked to a greater sense of personal accom- plishment and a lesser tendency to depersonalize clients (Rupert and Kent 2007). In fact, experienced mental health practitioners, or those who might be called Bmaster therapists^, refer to self-care as a key aspect of professional functioning. Jennings and Skovholt (1999) report that such master therapists prioritize self-care in their profession and take Bpreventative action to protect what they consider [to be] their most important therapeutic tool: themselves (p.7)^. Further, Dorociak et al. (2017b) found that more experienced practitioners engage in more self- care behaviours and report less stress than practitioners who are early in their career. What Is Self-Care? Self-care refers to the Bability to refill and refuel oneself in healthy ways^ (Gentry 2002, p. 48), including Bengagement in behaviours that maintain and promote physical and emotional well- being^ (Myers et al. 2012, p. 56) and that Blessen the amount of stress, anxiety, or emotional reaction experienced when working with clients^ (Williams et al. 2010, p. 322). The term self- care refers not only to an engagement in various practices but also to having a caring attitude or ‘being’ caring toward oneself (Kissil and