Please read Article 1 and then answer the questions XXXXXXXXXX,000 U.S. deaths to lack of insurance By Susan Heavey Susan Heavey – Fri Sep 18, 8:22 am ET. WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Nearly 45,000 people...

Please read Article 1 and then answer the questions 1 - 4
45,000 U.S. deaths to lack of insurance
By Susan Heavey Susan Heavey – Fri Sep 18, 8:22 am ET. WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Nearly 45,000 people die in the United States each year -- one every 12 minutes -- in large part because they lack health insurance and cannot get good care, Harvard Medical School researchers found in an analysis released on Thursday. "We're losing more Americans every day because of inaction ... than drunk driving and homicide combined," Dr. David Himmelstein, a co-author of the study and an associate professor of medicine at Harvard, said in an interview with Reuters. Overall, researchers said American adults age 64 and younger who lack health insurance have a 40 percent higher risk of death than those who have coverage. The findings come amid a fierce debate over Democrats' efforts to reform the nation's $2.5 trillion U.S. healthcare industry by expanding coverage and reducing healthcare costs. President Barack Obama's has made the overhaul a top domestic policy priority, but his plan has been besieged by critics and slowed by intense political battles in Congress, with the insurance and healthcare industries fighting some parts of the plan. The Harvard study, funded by a federal research grant, was published in the online edition of the American Journal of Public Health. It was released by Physicians for a National Health Program, which favors government-backed or "single-payer" health insurance. An similar study in 1993 found those without insurance had a 25 percent greater risk of death, according to the Harvard group. The Institute of Medicine later used that data in its 2002 estimate showing about 18,000 people a year died because they lacked coverage. Part of the increased risk now is due to the growing ranks of the uninsured, Himmelstein said. Roughly 46.3 million people in the United States lacked coverage in 2008, the U.S. Census Bureau reported last week, up from 45.7 million in 2007. Another factor is that there are fewer places for the uninsured to get good care. Public hospitals and clinics are shuttering or scaling back across the country in cities like New Orleans, Detroit and others, he said. Study co-author Dr. Steffie Woolhandler said the findings show that without proper care, uninsured people are more likely to die from complications associated with preventable diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Some critics called the study flawed. The National Center for Policy Analysis, a Washington think tank that backs a free-market approach to health care, said researchers overstated the death risk and did not track how long subjects were uninsured. Woolhandler said that while Physicians for a National Health Program supports government-backed coverage, the Harvard study's six researchers closely followed the methodology used in the 1993 study conducted by researchers in the federal government as well as the University of Rochester in New York. The Harvard researchers analyzed data on about 9,000 patients tracked by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics through the year 2000. They excluded older Americans because those aged 65 or older are covered by the U.S. Medicare insurance program. "For any doctor ... it's completely a no-brainer that people who can't get health care are going to die more from the kinds of things that health care is supposed to prevent," said Woolhandler, a professor of medicine at Harvard and a primary care physician in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
(Editing by Xavier Briand)

Answer the following questions 1 - 4
based on the article mentioned above:
1. Is this study a descriptive or inferential?
Explain your answer.

2.What research question was the author trying to answer?
3. Were the data obtained from a survey or an experiment? Explain your answer.
4. Are possible sources of bias mentioned? If so, what are they?
5. Are the conclusions mentioned in this article warranted? Explain your answer.

Types of surveys
,

and comparative studies

Provide a brief but detailed answer to the following questions.
6.Why is a large trial necessary or preferable?
7.Why is a control group needed?
8. Why is it important to include a double blind feature?
9. If volunteers had been used in this trial rather than a random sample of individuals, of what value would the results have been?
10. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between a sample and a population?
A) A population and a sample are not related.
B) A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population to be studied.
C) A sample is a group of populations that are subject to observation.
D) A population is a group of samples that may or may not be included in a study.
11. What is the most important factor in selecting an appropriate sample?
A) The size of the sample
B) The sample must be representative of the population
C) The method used to collect the sample
D) The time it take to get a good sample
12. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between a sample and a population?
A) A population and a sample are not related.
B) A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population to be studied.
C) A sample is a group of populations that are subject to observation.
D) A population is a group of samples that may or may not be included in a study.
There were 30 patients in the 3rd ward of Good fellow General Hospital. These patients were undergoing various studies for sleeping deprivation. A sleep study specialist recorded the average hours of REM sleep for the patients on the ward during a 2 day study. The sleep study specialist found that the average hours of REM sleep a patient got per day during the two day study was 6.2 hours with a standard deviation of 1.6 hours.
Please respond True or False to the following statements (13-16).


13. The subjects studied represent a population.

True/ False

14.The average number of hours of REM sleep is a parameter of the study.

True/ False

15.The standard deviation is a statistic associated with the study.

True/ False

16.The sampling method in this case was convenience sampling.


True/ False

17. In what ways are a random sample, convenience sample, and a systematic sample different? In what ways are they similar?
18. Discuss stratified sampling and cluster sampling and describe a situation where it would be effective to use each method of sampling in a clinical trial.

Multiple choice

19. A variable measuring the number of people in a group
a. Cannot be analyzed as either continuous or discrete
b. Could be analyzed as either continuous or discrete depending on the whether there are a large or small number of people in the group
c. Can only be analyzed as a continuous variable
d. Can only be analyzed as a discrete variable
20. If you classified the fruit in a basket as apple, orange, or banana, this would be an example of which level of measurement?
a. ratio scale
b. nominal scale
c. ordinal scale
d. interval scale
21. Respondents in a child care survey are asked to state the number and ages of children in their household. The number of children is measured on the ____ scale of measurement.
a. ordinal scale
b. ratio scale
c. nominal scale
d. interval scale
22. The scale of measurement that is used to assign study volunteers a number in order to study individual reaction to a certain drug is the:
a. ordinal scale
b. ratio scale
c. nominal scale
d. interval scale
23. Data obtained from an ordinal scale
a. must be numeric
b. must be qualitative
c. must be alphabetic
d. must be countable
24. Social security numbers consist of numeric values. Therefore, social security is an example of
a. a quantitative variable
b. either a quantitative or a qualitative variable
c. a grouping variable
d. a qualitative variable
25. Fifteen percent of respondents in a survey studying smoking habits of minors in an inner city school district found were found to smoke more than a pack of cigarettes a day. Twenty percent of the minors smoked 15 – 20 cigarettes per day, while 35 % of minors smoked between 5 and 14 cigarettes per day. Thirty percent of the minors surveyed smoked less than 5 cigarettes a day. The graphical device(s) which can be used to present these data is (are)
a. a line graph
b. only a bar graph
c. only a pie chart
d. both a bar graph and a pie chart
26. A tabular summary of a set of data showing the fraction of the total number of items in several classes is a
a. frequency distribution
b. relative frequency distribution
c. frequency
d. cumulative frequency distribution
27. Which measures of central tendency are not affected by extremely low or extremely high values?
a. Mean and median
b. Mode and median
c. Mean and mode
d. Geometric mean and mean
28. What is the relationship among the mean, median and mode in a symmetric distribution?
a. Mean is always the largest value
b. Mean is always the smallest value
c. All equal
d. Mode is the largest value
e. None of the above
29. What is a disadvantage of the range as a measure of dispersion?
a. Based on only two observations
b. Can be distorted by a large mean
c. Not in the same units as the original data
d. Has no disadvantage
e. None of the above
30. What is the relationship between the variance and the standard deviation?
a. Variance is the square of the standard deviation
b. Variance is the square root of the standard deviation
c. Variance is twice the standard deviation
d. No constant relationship between the variance and the standard deviation
e. None of the above
31. Mercy Hospital is in a neighborhood where the mean family income is $45,000 with a standard deviation of $9,000. Midtown General Hospital (MGH) is in a neighborhood where the mean family income is $100,000 and the standard deviation is $30,000. What are the relative variations of the family incomes in the two neighborhoods where the hospitals are?
a. Mercy 20%, MGH 30%
b. Mercy 40%, MGH 20%
c. Mercy 30%, MGH 20%
d. Mercy 50%, MGH 33%
32. A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as a
a. sample statistic
b. sample parameter
c. population mean
d. population parameter
33. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic; a. can be smaller, larger, or equal to the population parameter
b. can never be equal to the population parameter
c. can never be larger than the population parameter
d. can never be smaller than the population parameter
34. Which of the following symbols represents the size of the population?
a. N
b. s
c. I
d. o
35. A hospital employee survey capturing the number of hours an employee spent daily working outside their prescribed duties showed a positively skewed distribution. What is the best method to understand the central tendency of this data?
a. mean
b. median
c. mode
d. range
36. If only one of several events can occur at a time, we refer to these events as being mutually exclusive events.
True/ False


37. The probability of rolling a 3 or 2 on a single die is an example of conditional probability.
True/ False

38. The probability assigned to an event that is certain not to occur is 0.0.
True /False


39. A combination is an arrangement of a set of objects in which there is an order from the first through the last.
True /False

40. The closer a probability is to 0, the more likely that an event will happen. The closer the probability is to 1.00, the more likely an event will not happen.
True/ False

41. A random variable is assigned numerical values based on the outcomes of an experiment.
True/ False


42. A binomial distribution has a characteristic that the trials are independent, which means that the outcome of one trial does not affect the outcome of any other trial.
True/ False

43. For a binomial distribution, the probability of a success stays the same for each trial, but the probability of a failure varies from trial to trial.
True/ False

44. Some normal probability distributions have different arithmetic means and different standard deviations.
True/ False

45. Some normal probability distributions are positively skewed.
True /False


46. The central limit theorem implies that sampling with an adequate sample size provides good estimates of population parameters.
True /False


47. Based on the sampling distribution of the means and the central limit theorem, the sample mean can be used as a good estimator of the population mean, assuming that the size of the sample is sufficiently large.
True /False


48. An estimate of the population mean based on a large sample is less reliable than an estimate made using a small sample.
True /False


49. Generally speaking, the alternate hypothesis is set up for the purpose of either accepting or rejecting it.
True /False


50. There is only one level of significance that is applied to all studies involving
sampling.
True /False


51.A sales representative calls on four hospitals in Westchester County. It is immaterial what order he calls on them. How many ways can he organize his calls?
A. 4
B. 24
C. 120
D. 37
52. A C-PAP manufacturer has developed five C-PAP bases and four air blowers that could be used together to treat people with sleep apnea. How many different arrangements of base and blower can be offered?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
53. A manufacturer of headache medicine claims it is 70 percent effective within a few minutes. That is, out of every 100 users 70 get relief within a few minutes. A group of 12 patients are given the medicine. If the claim is true, what is the probability that 8 have relief within a few minutes?
A. 0.001
B. 0.168
C. 0.667
D. 0.231
54. A study of a company's practice regarding the payment of invoices revealed that an invoice was paid an average of 20 days after it was received. The standard deviation equaled five days. Assuming that the distribution is normal, what percent of the invoices were paid within 15 days of receipt?
A. 15.87%
B. 37.91%
C. 34.13%
D. 86.74%
55. A large hospital administrators hiring firm tests job applicants who recently graduated from college. The test scores are normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 50. Many hospitals considering placing a new hire in an upper level management position if the person scores in the upper 6 percent of the distribution. What is the lowest score a college graduate must earn to qualify for a responsible position?
A. 50
B. 625
C. 460
D. 578
56. A random sample of 85 group leaders, supervisors, and similar personnel revealed that a person spent an average 6.5 years on the job before being promoted. The population standard deviation was 1.7 years. Using the 0.95 degree of confidence, what is the confidence interval for the population mean?
A. 6.99 and 7.99
B. 4.15 and 7.15
C. 6.14 and 6.86
D. 6.49 and 7.49
57. A sample of 20 is selected from the population. To determine the appropriate critical t-value what number of degrees of freedom should be used?
A. 20
B. 19
C. 21
D. 25
58. Essay Describe the difference between H0 and H1.
59. Essay (In most clinical research studies, would you expect the researcher to use a one or a two tailed hypothesis test. Explain your answer in detail.

Questions 60 and 61
– Essay: Selecting a Level of Significance. For each of the following situations, choose a level of significance (a ) appropriate to the seriousness of the potential error involved should the null hypothesis be rejected when it is actually true. Explain in detail your choice of .a
60. Essay You wish to decide on whether a new treatment for pancreatic cancer, known to be a fatal disease, is superior to the standard treatment.
61. Essay. The claim is made that the mean income for families of size four is greater than 40,000 dollars.

Questions 62 and 63
– Hypothesis Testing: Use the
four step process (to complete the following Hypothesis Tests:
Outline each step in detail.

62. It is determined that the 100 subjects have a sample mean serum cholesterol level of 217 and the sample standard deviation is 39. If the desirable serum cholesterol level is set at 200, would you have concerns about elevated serum cholesterol level in this sample? Use a = .05

Step 1 State the hypotheses in null and alternative forms


Step 2 Calculate an appropriate test statistic



Step 3 Convert the test statistic to a P-value


Step 4 Assess the statistical significance level of results.


63. A researcher wanted to determine whether a program for routine cholesterol screening for college men would identify high serum cholesterol levels. The researcher decided that above 200 would be high. Twenty students were randomly selected for cholesterol screening, and the results were given below. Is there any evidence that asymptomatic college men have elevated serum cholesterol values? Would a large-scale screening program be warranted Use a =.05

160	210	200	230	210	150	220	190	210	220
160	220	240	180	200	200	210	170	180	220

You should be able to confirm that the x=199 and s=25.11

Step 1 State the hypotheses in null and alternative forms


Step 2 Calculate an appropriate test statistic



Step 3 Convert the test statistic to a P-value


Step 4 Assess the statistical significance level of results.


64. Suppose we are testing the difference between two proportions at the 0.05 level of significance. If the computed z is 1.07, what is our decision?
A. Reject the null hypothesis
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis
C. Take a larger sample
D. Reserve judgment
65. The net weights (in grams) of a sample of bottles filled by a machine manufactured by Edna, and the net weights of a sample filled by a similar machine manufactured by Orzo, Inc., are:
Edna: 5, 8, 7, 6, 9 and 7
Orzo: 8, 10, 7, 11, 9, 12, 14 and 9
Testing the claim at the 0.05 level that the mean weight of the bottles filled by the Orzo machine is greater than the mean weight of the bottles filled by the Edna machine, what is the critical value? Assume equal standard deviations for both samples.
A. 2.179
B. 2.145
C. 1.782
D. 1.761
66. When is it appropriate to use the paired difference t-test?
A. Four samples are compared at once
B. Any two samples are compared
C. Two independent samples are compared
D. Two dependent samples are compared
67. Administering the same test to a group of 15 students and a second group of 15 students to see which group scores higher is an example of
A. a one sample test of means.
B. a two sample test of means.
C. a paired t-test.
D. a test of proportions.
68. 20 randomly selected statistics students were given 15 multiple-choice questions and 15 open-ended questions – all on the same material. The professor was interested in determining which type of questions the students scored higher. This experiment is an example of
A. a one sample test of means.
B. a two sample test of means.
C. a paired t-test.
D. a test of proportions.

Use the following situation for Questions 69 and 70:
Of 250 adults who were administered the J2P2 anti-virus 187 did not show symptoms of the disease that it guarded against; of 100 children who were administered the anti-virus, 66 did not show symptoms of the disease.
69. Using the 0.1 significance level and the alternate hypothesis p1 not equal to p2 , what is the null hypothesis?
A. p1 > p2
B. p1

C. p1 = p2
D. None of these
70. What test statistic should we use?
A. z-statistic
B. Right one-tailed test
C. Left one-tailed test
D. Two-tailed test

Use the following situation for Questions 71 – 78:
A national manufacturer of ball bearings is
experimenting with two different processes for producing precision ball bearings. It is important that the diameters be as close as possible to an industry standard. The output from each process is sampled and the average error from the industry standard is calculated. The results are presented below. The researcher is interested in determining whether there is evidence that the two processes yield different average errors. Assume that the population standard deviations are equal.

Process A	Process B
Mean	0.002mm	0.0026mm
Standard Deviation	0.0001mm	0.00012mm
Sample size	12	14

71. What is the null hypothesis?
A. µA = µB
B. µA _µB
C. µA _ µB
D. µA > µB.
72. What is the alternate hypothesis?
A. µA = µB
B. µA _µB
C. µA _ µB
D. µA > µB.
73. What are the degrees of freedom?
A. 10
B. 13
C. 26
D. 24
74. What is the critical t value at the 1% level of significance?
A. +2.779
B. 2.492
C. 1.711
D. 2.797
75. What is the computed value of t?
A. +2.797
B. 2.797
C. 13.70
D. +13.70
76. What is the decision at the 1% level of significance?
A. Reject the null hypothesis and conclude the means are different.
B. Reject the null hypothesis and conclude the means are the same.
C. Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the means are the same.
D. Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the means are different.
77. If the calculated value of t is +2.70, what would be the decision using the 0.01 level of significance?
A. Reject the null hypothesis and conclude the means are different.
B. Reject the null hypothesis and conclude the means are the same.
C. Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the means are the same.
D. Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the means are different.
78. This example is what type of test?
A. One sample test of means.
B. Two sample test of means.
C. Paired t-test.
D. Test of proportions.
79. If we are testing for the difference between two population means, it is assumed that the sample observations from one population are independent of the sample observations from the other population.
True / False

80. A hospital administrator wishes to estimate the number of days that people who received a hip replacement spent in the ICU. How many records should be examined to have a 95% confidence that the estimate is not more than 0.6 day from the mean? Previous records suggest that o = 1.5.
A. n = 40
B. n = 25
C. n = 60
D. n = 68
81. A medical researcher wants to compare the effects of a new process for treating defected cells after a first treatment and a second treatment. This is an example of paired or dependent observations.
True / False


Use the following situation for Questions 82 – 86. A nationwide survey of medical complaints indicated that 66 out of 150 people in the Southwestern US and 58 out of 160 people in the National Capital Region caught the common cold in 2008. Is this a chance difference? Is the data consistent with the hypothesis that geography plays a role? Test at
a = .05
82. Select the appropriate null and alternative hypothesis:
A. H0: p1 - p2 _ 0; H1: p1 - p2

B. H0: p1 - p2 _ 0 ; H1: p1 - p2 = 0
C. H0: p1 = p2; H1: p1 _ p2
D. H0: p1

83. Identify the following: a = ___, p1 = ___, p2 = ___; p’ = _____, SE(p1 – p2) = ______
84. Compute the test statistic value. z = ______
A. 0.464
B. 1.392
C. 1.385
D. 3.210
85. What is the critical value?
A. 1.96
B. 1.64
C. 2.33
D. 2.57
86. What is the decision and the conclusion?
A. Reject Ho and conclude that there is a difference in the regions
B. Reject Ho and conclude that there is no difference in the regions
C. Fail to reject Ho and conclude that there is a difference in the regions
D. Fail to reject Ho and conclude that there is no difference in the regions
87. Analysis of variance is used to
A. compare nominal data.
B. compute t test.
C. compare population proportion.
D. simultaneously compare several population means.

Use the following situation for Questions 88 and 89:
In an effort to determine the most effective way to teach laboratory safety principles to a group of laboratory technicians, four different methods were tried. Some technicians were given programmed instruction booklets and worked through the course at their own pace. Other technicians attended lectures. A third group of technicians watched a television presentation, and a fourth group was divided into small discussion groups. A high of 10 was possible. A sample of five tests was selected from each group. The test grade results were:

Sample Number	Programmed Instruction	Lectures	TV	Group Discussion
1	6	8	7	8
2	7	5	9	5
3	6	8	6	6
4	5	6	8	6
5	6	8	5	5

88. At the 0.01 level, what is the critical value (cutoff value for the critical region)?
A. 1.00
B. 1.96
C. 3.24
D. 5.29
89. How many treatments are there?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 12
D. 0
90. If an ANOVA test is conducted and the null hypothesis is rejected, what does this indicate?
A. Too many degrees of freedom
B. No difference between the population means
C. A difference between at least one pair of population means
D. None of these
91. In ANOVA analysis, when the null hypothesis is rejected, we can find which means are different by
A. perform a post hoc analysis
B. adding another treatment.
C. doing an additional ANOVA.
D. doing a t test.

Use the following situation for Questions 92 – 93:
Given the following One Way Analysis of
Variance table for three groups each with six observations each.

Source	Sum of Squares	Degrees of Freedom	Mean Square	F Ratio	Critical F
Between	1116
Within	1068
Total	2168

92. What are the degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator?
A. 3 and 18
B. 2 and 17
C. 3 and 15
D. 2 and 15
93. What is the critical value of F at the 5% level of significance?
A. 19.43
B. 3.68
C. 6.36
D. 99.43
94. What is the mean square between groups?
A. 71.2
B. 71.4
C. 558
D. 534
95. What is the computed value of F?
A. 7.48
B. 7.84
C. 8.84
D. 8.48
96. What is the decision?
A. Reject Ho – there is a difference in the groups means
B. Fail to reject Ho – there is a difference in the groups means
C. Reject Ho – there is a difference in errors
D. Fail to reject Ho – there is a difference in errors
97. The test statistic used in ANOVA is Student's t.

True /False

98. What is our decision regarding the differences between the observed and expected frequencies if the critical value of chi-square is 9.488 and the computed value is 6.079?
A. The difference is probably due to sampling error; do not reject the null hypothesis
B. Not due to chance; reject the null hypothesis
C. Not due to chance; do not reject the alternate hypothesis
D. Too close; reserve judgment
99. The chi-square distribution can assume
A. only positive values.
B. only negative values.
C. negative and positive values or zero.
D. only zero.

Use the following situation for Question 100
: The following table classifies an individual in two ways—by gender and by educational choice.

Gender/College attended	None	Two Year	Four	Total
Male	7	13	30	50
Female	13	17	20	50
Total	20	30	50	100

100. What is this two-way classification called?
A. Goodness-of-fit test
B. Frequency table
C. ANOVA table
D. Contingency table

Use the following situation for Questions 101– 105:
A personnel manager is concerned about absenteeism. She decides to sample the records to determine if absenteeism is distributed evenly throughout the six-day workweek. The null hypothesis to be tested is: Absenteeism is distributed evenly throughout the week. The 0.01 level is to be used. The sample results are:

Day of week	Number Absent
Monday	9
Tuesday	12
Wednesday	9
Thursday	11
Friday	10
Saturday	9

101. What kind of frequencies are the numbers 9, 12, 9, 11, 10, and 9 called?
A. Acceptance
B. Critical value
C. Expected
D. Observed
102. How many degrees of freedom are there?
A. 0
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
103. What is the expected frequency?
A. 9
B. 10
C. 11
D. 12
104. What is the calculated value of chi-square?
A. 1.0
B. 0.5
C. 0.8
D. 8.0
105. What is the critical value of chi-square with a = 0.05?
A. 11.070
B. 12.592
C. 13.388
D. 15.033

Use the following situation for Questions 106 - 112:
A recent clinical behavior study of the relationship between social activity and education showed the following results.

Education/Social Activity	Above Average	Average	Below Average
College	30	20	10
High School	20	40	90
Grade School	10	50	130

106. The appropriate test to analyze the relationship between social activity and education is:
A. regression analysis
B. Analysis of variance
C. Contingency table analysis
D. Goodness-of-fit
107. The appropriate test statistic for the analysis is a:
A. F-statistic
B. T-statistic
C. Chi-square statistic
D. Z-statistic
108. The null hypothesis for the analysis is:
A. There is no relationship between social activity and education.
B. The correlation between social activity and education is zero.
C. As social activity increases, education increases.
D. The mean of social activity equals the mean of education.
109. The degrees of freedom for the analysis is:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
110. Using 0.05 as the significance level, what is the critical value for the test statistic?
A. 9.488
B. 5.991
C. 7.815
D. 3.841
111. What is the value of the test statistic?
A. 83.67
B. 135.24
C. 50
D. 4.94
112. Based on the analysis, what can be concluded?
A. Social activity and education are correlated.
B. Social activity and education are not related.
C. Social activity and education are related.
D. No conclusion is possible.

Use the following situation for Questions 113 - 117: Recently, students in a marketing research class were interested in the driving behavior of students. Specifically, the marketing students were interested if exceeding the speed limit was related to social activity. They collected the following responses from 110 randomly selected students:

Speeds	Does not speed
Males	30	20
Females	20	40

113. The null hypothesis for the analysis is:
A. There is no relationship between gender and driving behavior.
B. The correlation between driving behavior and gender is zero.
C. As driving behavior increases, gender increases.
D. The mean of driving behavior equals the mean of gender.
114. The degrees of freedom for the analysis is:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
115. Using 0.05 as the significance level, what is the critical value for the test statistic?
A. 9.488
B. 5.991
C. 7.815
D. 3.841
116. What is the value of the test statistic?
A. 83.67
B. 7.82
C. 50
D. 4.94
117. Based on the analysis, what can be concluded?
A. driving behavior and gender are correlated.
B. driving behavior and gender are not related.
C. driving behavior and gender are related.
D. No conclusion is possible.
118. US Census statistics show that college graduates make more than $254,000 more in their lifetime than non-college graduates. If you were to question the validity of this observation, what would be your basis for doing so?
A. Definition of a college graduate
B. Work lifestyles of the population
C. Defining “lifetime”
D. How the Census was taken
119. The average age in a sample of 190 students at City College is 22. As a result of this sample, it can be concluded that the average age of all the students at City College
A. must be more than 22, since the population is always larger than the sample
B. must be less than 22, since the sample is only a part of the population
C. could not be 22
D. could be larger, smaller, or equal to 22
120. Since a sample is a subset of the population, the sample mean
A. is always smaller than the mean of the population
B. is always larger than the mean of the population
C. must be equal to the mean of the population
D. can be larger, smaller, or equal to the mean of the population

Use the following situation for Questions 121-124. Michael, Inc., a manufacturer of electric defibrillators, is a firm that makes 50 types of electric defibrillators . The table below shows the price distribution of the defibrillators .
Price (In $) Number of Defibrillators
100 – 130 8
140 - 170 12
180 - 210 20
220 - 250 10

Select from the following choices for Questions 121-124. Use letter only in the blank.
A. 32
B. 50%
C. 20
D. 30
E. 16%
F. 10
G. 60%
H. 50
121. How many defibrillators have a price of at least $180?_______
122. What percentage of the defibrillators has a price of at least $180? ______
123. What percentage of the defibrillators has a price of less than $140? _____
124. How many defibrillators cost at least $140 but no more than $210? ______
125. Temperature is an example of
A. a qualitative variable
B. a quantitative variable
C. either a quantitative or qualitative variable
D. neither a quantitative nor qualitative variable

Use the following situation for Questions 126 and 127.

The following frequency distribution shows the frequency of outbreaks of the s1a1 virus (statistics flu) for the following households in a small rural community.

Households	1134	406	168	41	25	12
Outbreaks	0	1	2	3	4	5

126. Use the frequency distribution to construct a probability distribution by filling in
the blanks below.

X	0	1	2	3	4	5
p(x)_______	p(0)_______	p(1)______	p(2)______	p(3)______	p(4)______	p(5)_____

127. Compute the mean and the standard deviation and select from the following the appropriate interpretation of the results (select best response)
A. A household on the average has 0.9 outbreaks with a standard deviation of .6 outbreaks
B. A household on the average has 0.6 outbreaks with a standard deviation of 12 outbreaks
C. A household on the average has 0.9 outbreaks with a standard deviation of .9 outbreaks
D. A household on the average has 0.6 outbreaks with a standard deviation of .9 outbreaks

Use the following situation for Questions 128 - 129.

Twenty students were randomly selected for cholesterol screening. The following
data were collected.

260	164	210	225	244	254	233	184	269	206
158	209	221	213	198	179	214	257	246	221

128. Using the information above compute the following: (Round to nearest hundredth)
A. Mean = _____
B. Median = _____
C. Mode = _____
D. Sample Standard Deviation = _____
E. The Sample Variance = ______
F. The Coefficient of Variation = ______ (as a percent, for example 27.43%)
129. Is the data skewed _______ (select correct letter from list below)
A. No
B. Skewed left
C. Skewed right
D. Unable to determine
130. Which is the best measure of central tendency for the randomly selected cholesterol screenings? _______ (select correct letter from list below)
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode
D. It does not matter, one is as good as the other
131. Let event A = a patient does not survive a new treatment procedure for prostrate cancer and event B = the patient is permanently rendered sexually dysfunctional by the new treatment. Furthermore, events A and B are mutually exclusive. Which of the following statements is also true?
A. A and B are also independent.
B. P(A or B) = P(A)P(B)
C. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
D. P(A and B) = P(A) + P(B)
132 Twenty-five percent of the employees of a large hospital are minorities. A random sample of 7 employees is selected.
A. What is the probability that the sample contains exactly 4 minorities? ____
B. What is the probability that the sample contains fewer than 2 minorities? ____
C. What is the probability that the sample contains exactly 1 non-minority? ____
D. What is the expected number of minorities in the sample? ______
E. What is the variance of the minorities? _______

Select from the answers below. Place the correct letter in the blanks above.


A. 0.5551
B. 1.1456
C
.
0.4449
D. 0.0013
E.
1.7226

F.
1.3125
G. 0.0577
H. .0001
I.
1.75
J.
0.0286
133. The life expectancy of a lung cancer patient treated with a new drug is normally distributed with a mean of 4 years and a standard deviation of 10 months.
A. What is the probability that a randomly selected lung cancer patient will last more than 5 years? _____
B. What percentage of lung cancer patients will last between 5 and 6 years? ____
C. What percentage of lung cancer patients will last less than 4 years? _____
D. What percentage of lung cancer patients will last between 2.5 and 4.5 years? _
E. If the drug manufacturer guarantees the drug will be effective for a minimum of 3 years (and will pay for the entire treatment program if the patient does not survive), what percentage of lung cancer patients will have to pay for the treatment? _____

Select from the answers below. Place the correct letter in the blanks above.


A. 10.69%
B.
11.51%
C.
.0796
D. 46.01%
E. 88.49%

F. 68.9%
G. 53.98%
H. 0% I. 50%
J. 0.06172
134. The life expectancy in the United States is 75 with a standard deviation of 7 years. A random sample of 49 individuals is selected.
A. What is the standard error of the mean? _____
B. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 77 years? ___
C. What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than 72.7 years? ___
D. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 73.5 and 76 years? _____
E. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 72 and 74 years? _____
F. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 73.46 years? _____

Select from the answers below. Place the correct letter in the blanks above.


A. 0.0107
B. 0.7745
C. 1.0
D. 0.8427
E. 0.9772

F. 0.0228
G. 1/7
H. 0.9389
I.
22.55%
J.
0.1573
135. The standard hemoglobin reading for healthy adult men is 15 g/110 ml with a standard deviation of s = 2 g. For a group of men, we find a mean hemoglobin of 16.0 g.
A. Obtain a 95% confidence interval for if the group size was 25_____
B. Obtain a 95% confidence interval for if the group size was 36_____
C. Obtain a 95% confidence interval for if the group size was 49_____

Select from the answers below. Place the correct letter in the blanks above.


A. 15.440 - 16.560
B. 15.347 - 16.653
C. 14.440 - 15.560

D.
14.316 - 15.684
E.
15.316– 16.684
F. 14.347 - 15.653
136. Doubling the size of the sample will
A. reduce the standard error of the mean to one-half its current value
B. reduce the standard error of the mean to approximately 70% of its current value
C. have no effect on the standard error of the mean
D. double the standard error of the mean
137. The fact that the sampling distribution of sample means can be approximated by a normal probability distribution whenever the sample size is large is based on the
A. central limit theorem
B. fact that we have tables of areas for the normal distribution
C. assumption that the population has a normal distribution
D. None of these alternatives is correct.

Use the following situation for Questions 138 - 140. In order to estimate the average time spent on the dialysis machines per kidney patient at a local university hospital, data were collected for a sample of 81 patients over a one week period. Assume the population standard deviation is 1.2 hours.

138. The standard error of the mean is
A. 7.5
B. 0.014
C. 0.160
D. 0.133
139 With a 0.95 probability, the margin of error is approximately
A. 0.26
B. 1.96
C. 0.21
D. 1.64
140. If the sample mean is 9 hours, then the 95% confidence interval is
A. 7.04 to 110.96 hours
B. 7.36 to 10.64 hours
C. 7.80 to 10.20 hours
D. 8.74 to 9.26 hours
141. The t distribution is applicable whenever:
A. the sample is considered large (n ³ 30).
B. the population is normal and the sample standard deviation is used to estimate the population standard deviation
C. n =equal or larger than 100
D. n =equal or larger than 1000

Use the following situation for Questions 142 – 143. A random sample of 16

statistics examinations from a large population was taken. The average score in
the sample was 78.6 with a variance of 64. We are interested in determining
whether the average grade of the population is significantly more than 75. Assume
the distribution of the population of grades is normal.
142.The test statistic is:
A. 0.45
B. 1.80
C. 3.6
D. 8
143. At 95% confidence, it can be concluded that the average grade of the population
A. is not significantly greater than 75
B. is significantly greater than 75
C. is not significantly greater than 78.6
D. is significantly greater than 78.6
144. Independent samples are obtained from two normal populations with equal variances in order to construct a confidence interval estimate for the difference between the population means. If the first sample contains 16 items and the second sample contains 36 items, the correct form to use for the sampling distribution is the
A. normal distribution
B. t distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
C. t distribution with 35 degrees of freedom
D. t distribution with 50 degrees of freedom

Use the following situation for Questions 145 – 150. A statistics teacher wants to see if there is any difference in the abilities of students enrolled in statistics today and those enrolled five years ago. A sample of final examination scores from students enrolled today and from students enrolled five years ago was taken. You are given the following results.

Today	Five years ago
Mean	82	88
Variance	112.5	54
Sample Size	45	36

145. The difference between the means of the two populations is (d) =
A. 58.5
B. 9
C. -9
D. -6
146. The standard deviation of the difference between the means of the two populations is
A. 12.9
B. 9.3
C. 4
D. 2
147. The 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two population means is
A. -9.92 to -2.08
B. -3.92 to 3.92
C. -13.84 to 1.84
D. -24.228 to 12.23
148. The test statistic for the difference between the two population means is
A. -.47
B. -.65
C. -1.5
D. -3
149. The p-value for the difference between the two population means is
A. .0014
B. .0028
C. .4986
D. .9972
150. What is the conclusion that can be reached about the difference in the average final examination scores between the two classes? (Use a .05 level of significance.)
A. There is a statistically significant difference in the average final examination scores between the two classes.
B. There is no statistically significant difference in the average final examination scores between the two classes.
C. It is impossible to make a decision on the basis of the information given.
D. There is a difference, but it is not significant.

Use the following situation for Questions 151 – 155.
The director of a regional hospital is interested in determining whether or not the proportion of incoming female patients who needs a pap-smear has increased. A sample of female patients taken several years ago is compared with a sample of female patients this year. Results are summarized below.

Sample size	No. requireing pap smear
Previous sample	250	50
Present sample	300	69

151. The difference between the two proportions is:
A. 50
B. 19
C. 0.50
D. - 0.03
152. The pooled proportion has a value of
A. 0.216
B. - 0.216
C. 1.645
D. 0.5
153. The interest of the director represents a
A. one tailed test
B. two tailed test
C. one tailed or a two tailed test, depending on the confidence coefficient
D. one tailed or a two tailed test, depending on the level of significance
154. The test statistics for this test is
A. 1.645
B. 1.96
C. 0.035
D. - 0.851
155. If the test is to be done with an a =.05 the
A. null hypothesis should be rejected
B. null hypothesis should not be rejected
C. alternative hypothesis should be accepted
D. None of these alternatives is correct.
156. Regression analysis was applied between demand for a product (Y) and the price of the product (X), and the following estimated regression equation was obtained.
Y = 120 - 10 X
Based on the above estimated regression equation, if price is increased by 2 units, then demand is expected to
A. increase by 120 units
B. increase by 100 units
C. increase by 20 units
D. decease by 20 units
157. If there is a very strong correlation between two variables, then the coefficient of correlation must be
A. much larger than 1, if the correlation is positive
B. much smaller than 1, if the correlation is negative
C. much larger than one
D. None of these alternatives is correct.
158. Regression analysis was applied between sales (in $1000) and advertising (in $100) and the following regression function was obtained.
_Y = 500 + 4 X
Based on the above estimated regression line if advertising is $10,000, then the point estimate for sales (in dollars) is
A. $900
B. $900,000
C. $40,500
D. $505,000

Use the following situation for Questions 159 – 163
You are given the following information about y and x.
y x
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
5 15
7 12
9 10
11 7
159. The least squares estimate of b1 equals
A. -0.7647
B. -0.13
C. 21.4
D. 16.412
160. The least squares estimate of b0 equals
A. -0.7647
B. -1.3
C. 164.1176
D. 16.41176
161. The sample correlation coefficient equals
A. -86.667
B. -0.99705
C. 0.9941
D. 0.99705
162. The coefficient of determination equals
A. -0.99705
B. -0.9941
C. 0.9941
D. 0.99705
163. A researcher selected a sample of 50 residents from each of three different cities to determine if they were willing to participate in a medical experiment. At a = .05, test the claim that the proportions who will participate are equal.
Residents City 1 City 2 City 3
Willing to participate 20 12 22
Not willing to participate 30 38 28
Total 50 50 50
A. There is no evidence to reject the claim that the proportions are equal because the test value 4.861

B. There is evidence to reject the claim that the proportions are equal because the test value > 1.042
C. There is no evidence to reject the claim that the proportions are equal because the test value 5.991
D. There is evidence to reject the claim that the proportions are equal because the test value 5.991 > 1.042
164. A researcher is comparing samples from 6 different populations. Assume that the conclusion from an ANOVA is that the null hypothesis is rejected, in other words that the 6 population means are not all equal. How many of the population means would be significantly different from the others?
A. Three (half)
B. At least 1
C. All would be different
D. More than 2

Use the following situation for Questions 165 – 167. A research firm reported that 15% of those surveyed described their health as poor, 26% as good, 40% as very good, and 19% as excellent. A health professional in Chicago wanted to determine if people in Chicago had similar feelings toward their health. In a sample of 600 people in Chicago, 70 described their health as poor, 180 as good, 210 as very good, and 140 as excellent. Complete the chart below by filling in the observed and expected values.

165.

Observed	Expected
Poor
Good
Very good
Excellent

166. Calculate the test statistic ________ (to two decimal places, i.e 2.34)
167. Given an a = .05, what is the result of the chi-squared test?
A. There is no evidence to reject the claim that the proportions are equal because the test value is less than the critical X 2 value.
B. There is evidence to reject the claim that the proportions are equal because the test value is greater than the critical X 2 value.
C. There is no evidence to reject the claim that the proportions are equal because the test value is greater than the critical X 2 value.
D. There is evidence to reject the claim that the proportions are equal because the test value is less than the critical X 2 value