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MLA Formatting and Style Guide MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages. Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers. When teachers or professors refer to ‘MLA Style’, they are talking about three things: 1. Formatting · The visual layout of your page (including things like margins, spacing, font, etc.) 2. In-Text Citations · How you credit your sources within your own writing (either when you quote directly from an outside source or when you borrow an idea from another source) 3. ‘Works Cited’ page · A listing of all the sources you have used in your work, found at the very back of your writing The Modern Language Association (MLA) provides guidelines to follow in these three areas when writing for academic purposes. There are other organizations that also provide guidelines, and so there are a few popular ‘styles’ to follow when writing academically. Some examples include APA and Chicago/Turabian. This booklet will provide the basics of MLA Style, which is what we require in English 40S. If you require more information, please go to the OWL at Purdue: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/ **Please DO NOT use ‘citation generators’ found online or in Microsoft Word. There are two reasons that you should avoid these: 1) The more you work with, think about, and practice the MLA guidelines, the better you will understand their use and purpose – online generators are too easy and teach you nothing; 2) The MLA guidelines change as new editions of the guide are published - generators may not be up to date with the most recent version of the MLA guidelines and therefore will give you inaccurate citations which may affect your final mark (and, if you don’t have a lot of experience with MLA style, you may not easily notice that they are wrong…) Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff Last Edited: 2016-09-12 10:29:40 The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA eighth edition, including the list of works cited and in-text citations. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel. Creating a Works Cited list using the eighth edition MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. But since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same document may be found in several different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer sufficient. The current system is based on a few principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still gives examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field. Here is an overview of the process: When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order: 1. Author. 2. “Title of source.” 3. Title of container, 4. Other contributors, 5. Version, 6. Number, 7. Publisher, 8. Publication date, 9. Location. 10. Date accessed. (optional element, but one that I want you to include) Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication, and required punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics. Basic Rules for MLA Style Citation (Works Cited Page - 2016 Guidelines) · Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper. Font size is 12 pt. · Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page. · Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries. · Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations so that you create a hanging indent. · List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50. Note that MLA style uses a hyphen in a span of pages. · Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles (the, an), prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. · Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles) · Entries are listed alphabetically by the author's last name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name: New to MLA 2016: · For online sources, you should include a location to show readers where you found the source. Many scholarly databases use a DOI (digital object identifier). Use a DOI in your citation if you can; otherwise use a URL. Delete “http://” from URLs. The DOI or URL is usually the last element in a citation and should be followed by a period. · All works cited entries end with a period. Working with the Elements: Author Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period. O’Hagan, Anne. “Toying with Perfection.” Chatelaine. Vol. 82, No. 3, pp 59 – 60, Rogers Media, Mar. 2009. Accessed 2 May 2020. Title of source The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks. A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper article) should be in quotation marks: O’Hagan, Anne. “Toying with Perfection.” Chatelaine. Vol. 82, No. 3, pp 59 – 60, Rogers Media, Mar. 2009. Accessed 2 May 2020. A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks: Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/. Accessed 3 April 2020. A book should be in italics: Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999. A website should be in italics: Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.* *The eighth edition handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below. Title of container Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to containers, which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container. Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07. The container may also be a publication, which contains articles, images, ads, and other works. O’Hagan, Anne. “Toying with Perfection.” Chatelaine. Vol. 82, No. 3, pp 59 – 60, Rogers Media, Mar. 2009. Accessed 2 May 2020. Patriquin, Martin. “The new bogeyman on Canadian campuses.” Maclean’s, Rogers Digital Media, 11 Nov. 2015, www.macleans.ca/news/canada/the-new-bogeyman-on-canadian-campuses/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2020. The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes. “94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010. The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works. Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009, www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526-reviewed-interviews-craig. Accessed 15 Mar. 2020. In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used. “94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962. Accessed 21 May 2020. Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2020. Other contributors In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify