please read 35pages first(img5891---img5925), and then answer the questions beasd on the 35 pages.no personal opinion!
Assignment Five Assignment Five Underwriting Property and Liability Insurance Underwriting Property and Liability Insurance Origin of Property Insurance London Fire – 1660 In US Fire Insurance in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin Fire Marks 5 - 2 COPE Construction Occupancy Protection Exposures 5 - 3 Construction First consideration Relates to ability to withstand damage by fire and other perils and wind ISO uses 6 classifications based on Materials used in construction Materials used in roof and floors Fire resistance of material used 5 - 4 Class 1 Frame All or mostly all wood most dwellings; small commercial buildings – motels Some may have brick or stone veneer or aluminum siding 5 - 5 Class 2 – Joisted Masonry Masonry, brick, wood joisted, brick joisted called ordinary construction. Found in northern states using heavy timber Also called mill construction Class 3 – Non-combustible Walls, roof, floor, non-combustible material, are not fire resistive and metal frames twist with heat 5 - 6 Modified Fire Resistive Class 4 Masonry non-combustible Exterior walls FR one hour or masonry Roof and floors non-combustible Class 5 Same as FR except rating 1-2 hours Typical Masonry non-bearing wall surface Concrete floor Metal deck roof Unprotected metal frame 5 - 7 Fire Resistive Class 6 The ability of the members of the load bearing members of the structure to withstand damage by fire for two hours Fire Resistive superior to other types but is not “fireproof” May also have a fire protective coating Concrete, masonry plaster or gypsum but with two hour rating 5 - 8 Construction Materials Interior finish – fuel load Insulation – can add problems Insulation can contain heat of a fire within a building, concentrating it on structural members causing early collapse 5 - 9 Roofing Roof serves as a weather seal and a barrier against exposure fires UL evaluates and classifies roofing materials Asphalt, shingles, built-up tar roof, wood shingles 5 - 10 Other Considerations Age Building Height Fire Divisions Building Openings Building Codes 5 - 11 Occupancy Ignition Sources Combustibility Damageability 5 - 12 Occupancy Habitational – apartments, hotels, motels, nursing homes Office – low hazard Institutional – schools, churches, hospitals, government property Mercantile – department, hardware and specialty stores Service – dry cleaners, laundries, auto service stations Manufacturing – nature of product 5 - 13 Hazards & Occupancy Common hazards Housekeeping Heating equipment Electrical equipment Smoking materials 5 - 14 Special Hazards Special hazards of the class – increase likely frequency or security of loss Special hazards of the risk – example: a body shop is part of a trucking fleet or taxi fleet Usually requires onsite inspection Special hazards of the risk – not typically an occupancy 5 - 15 Protection Public – available thru governmental authorities – city, country, volunteer Evaluated with a Public Protection Classification (PPC) 1-ideal protection to 10-no protection Key may be location of water supply and fire hydrants Mutual Aid – Houston Ship Channel Industries 5 - 16 Public Fire Protection AAIS – protection classification Protected – within 1000 feet of hire hydrant within 5 miles of responding fire fighters Partially protected – more distance than 1000 feet but within 5 miles Unprotected – none of either 5 - 17 Private Protection Detection – guard service, private patrol, detectors, smoke and heat, alarm systems, central station alarm Suppression – portable extinguishers, standpipes and hoses, automatic sprinkler system, private fire brigades Halon systems no longer installed – for computers chlorofluorocarbon 5 - 18 External Loss Exposures Outside control of insured/policyholder Single occupancy Exposing buildings Hazardous exposures Lumber yards, gasoline storage tanks Multi-occupancy 5 - 19 Property Policy Provisions Underwriting Consideration Insurable interest Valuing losses Insurance to value Higher limits and premiums Adequate insured book Competitive statues for insurer 5 - 20 Measure of Potential Loss Severity Policy amount – obvious Single fire division Amount subject – worst case scenario Probable Maximum Loss (PML) High Rise Less than full value McCormick Place, WTC Fire Walls breached Judgment Reinsurance consideration Maximum Foreseeable Loss (MFL) 5 - 21 Business Income & Extra Expense Coverage 5 - 22 Business Income & Extra Expense Probable Maximum Loss Calculate most serious loss Calculate longest period of restoration Compute longest loss of business income Factors of Interruption Custom made machinery Seasonality Bottlenecks Computer systems Long production processes Availability of substitutes Need for CPA/accounting firm 5 - 23 Damage 5 - 24 Crime Insurance Crimes committed by employees – employee dishonesty Crimes committed by others – burglary, robbery, theft 5 - 25 Employee Dishonesty Unique to Employees have ready access to valuable property Losses can be hidden from discovery Large losses are common Insured often reluctant to face facts Management may be reluctant to prosecute employees Employee crime losses are estimated to cost employers more than any other forms of crime (White Collar) 5 - 26 Underwriting Employee Dishonesty Management and moral character Profitability Burglary and robbery loss control deter employee crime Limits Management controls evidence of managements care and concern 5 - 27 Management Controls Screen new hires and reference checks Review before move into sensitive positions Substance abuse programs Level of turnover Defined termination procedures, password control Sensitive to employee behavior Bank reconciliation Required annual vacations Duties rotated Dual person control 5 - 28 Other Crime Burglary – evidence of forceful entry Robbery – illegally taking property or threat Theft – stealing Disappearance – no reasonable explanation Inventory Shortage – more from shrinkage 5 - 29 Underwriting Property susceptibility Location Nature of occupancy Public protection Modification of coverage 5 - 30 Crime and Loss Control Safes and vaults Cages, special rooms Lighting Fences and walls Protection of openings Guard service Electronic surveillance Inventory control 5 - 31 Underwriting Commercial General Liability CGL, 3rd Party Liability, Public Liability Combines Premises and operations Products and completed operations Personal and advertising injury liability Premises medical payments liability 5 - 32 CGL Synopsis 5 - 33 Premises and Operation Store Risks vs. Contractors Operations Evaluation has to do with extent of liability exposure to public Exposure – location, type of business, time in business, traffic key exposure Legal status of persons – adults vs. children Common hazards Slips and falls, stairs, carpet, lighting Special class – chemicals Special risk – unique to operation Property damage – fire, damage by contractors Heavy machinery operation 5 - 34 Contractors and Subcontractors Vicarious Liability of Subs Subcontractors purchase separate insurance Use of Subcontractors Quality of work, timeliness, availability Use of Certificate of Insurance 5 - 35 Products and Completed Operations Created by defect in product or service Products Liability Breach of warranty – guarantee of safety Implied warranty – reasonably fit Fitness – catalogues Negligence – design, manufacture, inspections Strict Liability – most products liability imposes liability on any person who produces an unreasonable dangerous product 5 - 36 Underwriting Products Liability 5 - 37 Completed Operations Construction, service, repair and maintenance Quality of work Careless or faulty work Construction – tunnel in Boston; apartment/highrise Personal and Advertising Liability Automatically included Premises Medical No fault automatically included; low limit 5 or 10,000 5 - 38 Personal Auto Insurance Underwriting Factors Age of Operators Age and type of auto Auto use Driving record Territory Gender and marital status Occupation Personal characteristics Physical condition of driver Safety equipment Credit Scoring Some states prohibit – not Texas 5 - 39 Commercial Auto Underwriting MVR Accident History Experience Vehicle Weight Vehicle Use Radius of Operation Special Industry Truckers Food Waste disposal Farmers Dump & transit contractors 5 - 40 Loss Control Services Fleet Safety Programs Risk Control Reports Share risk prevention measures Written safety program Vehicle use Driver selection Vehicle maintenance Accident reporting Given to employee Extensive state and federal guidelines for safety 5 - 41 Cancellations of Nonrenewals 5 - 42 Underwriting Workers’ Compensation History States dictate coverage, benefits, limits Same policy for all states Workers’ Compensation Employers Liability Other states 5 - 43 Underwriting Not all companies offer Strict underwriting guidelines Experience modifier – NCCI mandatory Problems Temporary and seasonal Subcontractors Maritime employments Maritime liability USL & HW 5 - 44 Considerations Premiums size Concentration – World Trade Center Management Attitudes On premises House keeping Maintenance Occupation diseases Cumulative trauma Off premises travel 5 - 45 Umbrella and Excess Liability Umbrella Provide excess liability above underlying policies Provide coverage with aggregate considerations Provide coverage for gaps in coverage Excess – individual policies Defense cost – included in primary 5 - 46 Assignment 5 1. Compare the principle features of fire-resistive construction with those of non-combustible construction. 2. Why are high-rise buildings a concern to fire underwriters? 3. Describe the factors considered in the determination of a community’s public protection classification. 4. Charles has contracted with Ed to construct a large shopping complex on a fifty-acre site in a rural community. They ask an insurance producer to set up a meeting with an insurance company underwriter before the start of construction to seek suggestions for improving the insurability of the complex and for minimizing the cost of property insurance on it. Describe the fire protection factors that the underwriter should consider in making such suggestions. 5. What are the most common property valuation methods? 6. Identify the insurer benefits associated with encouragement of insurance-to-value provisions. 7. Provide some examples of factors that could affect the duration of a business interruption. 8. What must occur in order for there to be a covered loss of use, loss of business income, or extra expense loss? 9. Identify six factors underwriters analyzing crimes committed by other loss exposures must consider. 10. Why is the legal status of persons likely to be on the premises an important consideration when underwriting commercial general liability loss exposure? 11. What are some of the loss exposures an underwriter would consider for products liability coverage applications? 12. What information should an underwriter have to analyze a commercial automobile submission? 13. What are the characteristics of good fleet safety programs? 14. Why should a workers’ compensation underwriter investigate an applicant’s use of temporary and seasonal workers? 15. What three functions are most umbrella policies designed to serve?