Please find instructions for this assignment in the word document. Please submit all necessary documents such as report, codes, etc.
What is a Virtual Machine - A Virtual Machine (VM) is a compute resource that uses software instead of a physical computer to run programs and deploy apps. One or more virtual “guest” machines run on a physical “host” machine. Each virtual machine runs its own operating system and functions separately from the other VMs, even when they are all running on the same host. This means that, for example, a virtual MacOS virtual machine can run on a physical PC. For this Comprehensive Learning Assessment you will create a virtual machine on your computer and add the operating system of your choice. 1. How to install and Setup VirtualBox (VM) on a Mac - https://youtu.be/h0nCForKGPI 2. How to install and Setup VirtualBox (VM) on a PC - https://youtu.be/b866-7Y_0KQ Develop and present a 2-3 page paper that demonstrates you have learned during this Comprehensive Learning Assignment and know how to apply the learning objectives in this course. Be sure to provide examples of all the elements that you have learned. 9781133417569.pdf 52609_00_fm_pi-pxxvi.indd ii52609_00_fm_pi-pxxvi.indd ii 2/1/10 11:37:43 PM2/1/10 11:37:43 PM This an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppres ed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. s is www.cengage.com/highered Understanding Operating Systems Sixth Edition Ann McIver McHoes Ida M. Flynn Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page i © 2011 Course Technology, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2010920344 ISBN-13: 978-1-4390-7920-1 ISBN-10: 1-4390-7920-x Course Technology 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Some of the product names and company names used in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers and sellers. Any fictional data related to persons, or companies or URLs used throughout this book is intended for instructional purposes only. At the time this book was printed, any such data was fictional and not belonging to any real persons or companies. Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning, reserves the right to revise this publication and make changes from time to time in its content without notice. Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at: www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Course Technology, visit www.cengage.com/coursetechnology Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com Understanding Operating Systems, Sixth Edition Ann McIver McHoes and Ida M. Flynn Executive Editor: Marie Lee Acquisitions Editor: Amy Jollymore Senior Product Manager: Alyssa Pratt Editorial Assistant: Zina Kresin Content Project Manager: Jennifer Feltri Art Director: Faith Brosnan Print Buyer: Julio Esperas Cover Designer: Night & Day Design Cover Photos: iStockphoto Proofreader: Suzanne Huizenga Indexer: Ann McIver McHoes Compositor: Integra Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
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AMM C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page iii iv Contents Part One Operating Systems Concepts 1 Chapter 1 Introducing Operating Systems 3 Introduction 4 What Is an Operating System? 4 Operating System Software 4 Main Memory Management 6 Processor Management 6 Device Management 7 File Management 7 Network Management 7 User Interface 7 Cooperation Issues 8 A Brief History of Machine Hardware 9 Types of Operating Systems 12 Brief History of Operating System Development 14 1940s 14 1950s 16 1960s 18 1970s 19 1980s 20 1990s 21 2000s 22 Threads 24 Object-Oriented Design 25 Conclusion 26 Key Terms 27 Interesting Searches 29 Exercises 29 Chapter 2 Memory Management: Early Systems 31 Single-User Contiguous Scheme 32 Fixed Partitions 34 C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page iv Dynamic Partitions 36 Best-Fit Versus First-Fit Allocation 38 Deallocation 44 Case 1: Joining Two Free Blocks 45 Case 2: Joining Three Free Blocks 46 Case 3: Deallocating an Isolated Block 47 Relocatable Dynamic Partitions 48 Conclusion 54 Key Terms 54 Interesting Searches 56 Exercises 56 Chapter 3 Memory Management: Virtual Memory 63 Paged Memory Allocation 64 Demand Paging 71 Page Replacement Policies and Concepts 76 First-In First-Out 77 Least Recently Used 79 The Mechanics of Paging 82 The Working Set 84 Segmented Memory Allocation 86 Segmented/Demand Paged Memory Allocation 89 Virtual Memory 92 Cache Memory 94 Conclusion 98 Key Terms 100 Interesting Searches 102 Exercises 102 Chapter 4 Processor Management 107 Overview 108 About Multi-Core Technologies 110 Job Scheduling Versus Process Scheduling 110 Process Scheduler 111 Job and Process Status 113 Process Control Blocks 114 PCBs and Queueing 115 Process Scheduling Policies 116 Process Scheduling Algorithms 118 v Contents C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page v First-Come, First-Served 118 Shortest Job Next 120 Priority Scheduling 121 Shortest Remaining Time 122 Round Robin 124 Multiple-Level Queues 127 Case 1: No Movement Between Queues 128 Case 2: Movement Between Queues 128 Case 3: Variable Time Quantum Per Queue 128 Case 4: Aging 129 A Word About Interrupts 129 Conclusion 130 Key Terms 131 Interesting Searches 134 Exercises 134 Chapter 5 Process Management 139 Deadlock 141 Seven Cases of Deadlock 142 Case 1: Deadlocks on File Requests 142 Case 2: Deadlocks in Databases 143 Case 3: Deadlocks in Dedicated Device Allocation 145 Case 4: Deadlocks in Multiple Device Allocation 145 Case 5: Deadlocks in Spooling 146 Case 6: Deadlocks in a Network 147 Case 7: Deadlocks in Disk Sharing 148 Conditions for Deadlock 149 Modeling Deadlocks 150 Strategies for Handling Deadlocks 153 Starvation 161 Conclusion 163 Key Terms 164 Interesting Searches 165 Exercises 165 Chapter 6 Concurrent Processes 171 What Is Parallel Processing? 172 Evolution of Multiprocessors 174 Introduction to Multi-Core Processors 174 vi Co nt en ts C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page vi Typical Multiprocessing Configurations 175 Master/Slave Configuration 175 Loosely Coupled Configuration 176 Symmetric Configuration 177 Process Synchronization Software 178 Test-and-Set 179 WAIT and SIGNAL 180 Semaphores 180 Process Cooperation 183 Producers and Consumers 183 Readers and Writers 185 Concurrent Programming 187 Applications of Concurrent Programming 187 Threads and Concurrent Programming 190 Thread States 191 Thread Control Block 193 Concurrent Programming Languages 193 Java 194 Conclusion 196 Key Terms 197 Interesting Searches 198 Exercises 198 Chapter 7 Device Management 203 Types of Devices 204 Sequential Access Storage Media 205 Direct Access Storage Devices 208 Fixed-Head Magnetic Disk Storage 208 Movable-Head Magnetic Disk Storage 209 Optical Disc Storage 211 CD and DVD Technology 213 Blu-ray Disc Technology 215 Flash Memory Storage 215 Magnetic Disk Drive Access Times 216 Fixed-Head Drives 216 Movable-Head Devices 218 Components of the I/O Subsystem 219 Communication Among Devices 222 Management of I/O Requests 225 Device Handler Seek Strategies 226 Search Strategies: Rotational Ordering 230 vii Contents C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page vii RAID 232 Level Zero 234 Level One 234 Level Two 236 Level Three 236 Level Four 236 Level Five 237 Level Six 238 Nested RAID Levels 238 Conclusion 239 Key Terms 240 Interesting Searches 243 Exercises 243 Chapter 8 File Management 249 The File Manager 250 Responsibilities of the File Manager 250 Definitions 251 Interacting with the File Manager 252 Typical Volume Configuration 253 Introducing Subdirectories 255 File-Naming Conventions 256 File Organization 258 Record Format 259 Physical File Organization 259 Physical Storage Allocation 263 Contiguous Storage 263 Noncontiguous Storage 264 Indexed Storage 265 Access Methods 267 Sequential Access 268 Direct Access 268 Levels in a File Management System 269 Access Control Verification Module 272 Access Control Matrix 273 Access Control Lists 274 Capability Lists 274 Data Compression 275 Text Compression 275 Other Compression Schemes 276 Conclusion 277 viii Co nt en ts C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page viii Key Terms 277 Interesting Searches 279 Exercises 280 Chapter 9 Network Organization Concepts 283 Basic Terminology 284 Network Topologies 286 Star 287 Ring 287 Bus 289 Tree 290 Hybrid 291 Network Types 292 Local Area Network 292 Metropolitan Area Network 293 Wide Area Network 293 Wireless Local Area Network 293 Software Design Issues 295 Addressing Conventions 295 Routing Strategies 296 Connection Models 298 Conflict Resolution 301 Transport Protocol Standards 305 OSI Reference Model 305 TCP/IP Model 309 Conclusion 311 Key Terms 311 Interesting Searches 313 Exercises 314 Chapter 10 Management of Network Functions 317 History of Networks 318 Comparison of Network and Distributed Operating Systems 318 DO/S Development 321 Memory Management 321 Process Management 323 Device Management 328 File Management 330 Network Management 334 ix Contents C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page ix NOS Development 336 Important NOS Features 337 Major NOS Functions 338 Conclusion 339 Key Terms 339 Interesting Searches 340 Exercises 340 Chapter 11 Security and Ethics 343 Role of the Operating System in Security 344 System Survivability 344 Levels of Protection 345 Backup and Recovery 346 Security Breaches 347 Unintentional Intrusions 347 Intentional Attacks 348 System Protection 354 Antivirus Software 355 Firewalls 356 Authentication 357 Encryption 359 Password Management 361 Password Construction 361 Password Alternatives 363 Social Engineering 365 Ethics 366 Conclusion 367 Key Terms 367 Interesting Searches 370 Exercises 370 Chapter 12 System Management 373 Evaluating an Operating System 374 Cooperation Among Components 374 Role of Memory Management 375 Role of Processor Management 375 Role of Device Management 376 Role of File Management 378 Role of Network Management 379 x Co nt en ts C7047_00_FM.qxd 1/15/10 11:22 AM Page x Measuring System Performance 380 Measurement Tools 380 Feedback Loops 383 Patch Management 385 Patching Fundamentals 386 Software Options 388 Timing the Patch Cycle 388 System Monitoring 388 Accounting 391 Conclusion 392 Key Terms 393 Interesting Searches 394 Exercises 394 Part Two Operating Systems in Practice 397 Chapter 13 UNIX Operating System 401 Overview 402 History 402 The Evolution of UNIX 404 Design Goals 405 Memory Management 406 Process Management 408 Process Table Versus User Table 409 Synchronization