Please do unit 5 assignment based off unit 5 powerpoint.
Corrections in America Unit 5 Assignment Dr. Hughes-Taylor Corrections in America Unit 5 Assignment 1. Are some rehabilitative programs more effective or valuable that others? Why or why not? 2. Should prisoners be forced to participate in programming? What are the benefits or consequences of forcing an inmate to participate in prison programming? Consider choosing a program to use an example. 3. Suppose, as a parole board member, you are confronted by a man who has served 6 years of a 10- 20 year sentence for murder. He has a good institutional record, and you do not believe he is a threat to community safety. Would you release him to parole supervision at this time? Why or why not? 4. What are some examples of occupations closed off to felons? Why are they closed off? 5. Outline the differences between juveniles and adults that cause the justice system to treat them differently in most cases? Worth: 50 Points Upload to D2L when complete. Institutional Programs Institutional Programs Chapter 14 Learning Objectives Describe how correctional programs help address the challenge of managing time in the correctional setting Describe the ways that security acts as a constraint on correctional programs offered in institutional settings Know the meaning of the “principle of least eligibility” and illustrate it’s purpose Understand the importance of the classification process and how “objective classification” works Describe the major kinds of institutional programs that are offered in correctional institutions Analyze recent developments in the field of correctional rehabilitation Describe the main types of correctional industries and define how each works Understand the current pressures facing correctional programming policies 3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 2 Managing Time Constraints of Security The Principle of Least Eligibility 3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 3 The median time served in the U.S. is about 23 months. 23 months is a long time, now imagine spending it behind bars with multiple restrictions. Prison administrators use institutional programs to help manage time. Work assignments, special programs, treatment, and recreational periods are all used to help inmates manage time while on the inside. Programming can also be used as an incentive for good behavior. Inmates know when they break the rules, they can be removed from programming, which makes the time go more slowly. Prison programs are formally defined as any formal, structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells and sets them to instrumental tasks. There are five different types of programs that will be discussed in detail in this chapter are rehabilitative programs, medical services, industrial, daily maintenance, and recreational programs. All of these program types, however, cannot clash with the security of the institution. Security is paramount. A famous criminologist, Donald J. Newman, noted that even if a thousand evaluations showed pole-vaulting was a valuable skill, they would never teach it in prison. Because it is a security risk! Security protocols infiltrate all programs. For example, programming that involves sharp tools or power tools must be carefully monitored and counted. Tool counts are common, inmates are searched multiple times a shift. There are two important consequences as a result of this heavy emphasis on security. First, unceasing surveillance further demoralizes the inmates and sharped their sense of captivity. Second, security requirements may make maintenance and industrial programming inefficient. Despite these consequences, it is very important for officers to maintain strict control over these potentially dangerous weapons. Other issues include coercing inmates into programming and being treated as dangerous or immature by staff. The principle of least eligibility is the doctrine that prisoners ought to receive no goods or services in excess of those available to people who have lived within the law. Offering prisoners any services of better quality than those available to law-abiding citizens is difficult for administrative to justify. The general public is often quite hostile to creative programming for inmates, and this sentiment affects virtually all programs. Therefore, prison programs frequently represent only weak versions of free-society programs. Group counseling sessions instead of intensive therapy and education classes tend to be basic and barely remedial. Together, the principle of least eligibility and the constraints of security can have a devastating impact on the quality of correctional programming. 3 Classification The Classification Process Objective Classification Systems 3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 4 Classification is one of the important aspects of corrections. Classification is a process by which prisoners are assigned to different types of custody and treatment. All inmates pass through a reception and orientation center where they are evaluated and classified. In some systems, classification consists merely of sorting inmates by age, severity of offense, record of prior incarceration, and institutional conduct. At more rehabilitative institutions, inmates undergo a battery of tests, psychiatric evals, and counseling so that they can be assessed for treatment and custody. Treatment resources are often extremely limited, and classification helps determine who needs them most. Different facilities make their classification decisions in different ways. A common arrangement is to use a committee consisting of a deputy warden and the heads of the departments of custody, treatment, education, industry, and so on. They make decisions about the inmates access to programming and their custody. In practice, classification committees often revert to stereotypes rather than diagnostic criteria in assigning inmates. Common stereotypes include racial and ethnic gangs, predators who make demands, weak victims, and informers. Other classification decisions are also often made on the basis of the institutions needs rather than those of the inmate. In an attempt to put inmates where they will get the most benefits, there are objective classification systems. As prison space becomes scarcer and more valuable, administrators feel pressured to ensure that is used efficiently as possible. New predictive and equity based systems seek to classify inmates more objectively. Predictive models are designed to distinguish inmates with respect to risk of escape, potential misconduct in the institution, and future criminal behavior. Clinical, socioeconomic, and criminal factors are given point values and the total score determines the security level. The equity-based models use only a few explicitly defined legal variables reflecting current and previous criminal characteristics. Other variables include race, employment, and education are not used because they are seen as unfair. Objective systems are more efficient and cheaper because line staff can be trained to administer and score the instrument without help from clinicians. 4 Rehabilitative Programs Psychological Program Psychotherapeutic Approaches Group Treatment Approaches 3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 5 One of the first types of programming that inmates may participate in is rehabilitative programming. The overall goal is reforming the offenders’ behavior. Rehabilitative Programs is an umbrella term that covers many types of programs including psychological programs, behavior therapy, social therapy, educational and vocational programming, substance abuse programs, and sex offender programs and religious programs. Psychological Programs There are multiple types of psychological proems. In prison, these programs seek to treat the underlying emotional or mental problems that led to criminality. In a famous critique, Thomas Szasz questioned the applicability of the medical model used for physical ailments to the human “problems in living” commonly called mental illness. Many critics say that mental illness is an inadequate explanation of criminal behavior; after all, plenty of those diagnosed with mental illness never commit a crime. The lack of consensus on diagnoses of mental illness indicates some of the drawbacks in the general concept that mental illness underlies such criminal behavior. One approach is the psychotherapeutic approach. Psychotherapy, in generic terms, are all forms of “treatment of the mind”; in the prison setting, this treatment is coercive in nature. In prison it is not the inmate but society who purchases the therapist’s services. The interests of the purchaser assume more importance to the therapist than do those of the offender. This turns the accepted practices of most therapy upside down. The centerpiece is not the offender, but society’s desire that the offender develop a crime-free life style. More popular, is the group treatment approach. Programs that address inmates’ emotions and thoughts tend to use group therapy. Prison group therapy can be very confrontational. Inmates are often encouraged to call out the manipulations and rationalizations that others are using to justify their deviant behavior, and then engage in the process to overcome these behaviors. Group therapy often has four sub-approaches: Reality therapy: Treatment that emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and their consequences Confrontation therapy: A treatment technique, usually done in a group, that vividly brings the offender face-to-face with the crime’s consequences for the victim and the society Transactional therapy: Treatment that focuses on patterns of interaction with others, especially patterns that indicate personal problems Cognitive skill building: A form of behavior therapy that focuses on changing the thinking and reasoning patterns that accompany criminal behavior 5 Rehabilitative Programs (2) Behavior Therapy Social Therapy Educational and Vocational Programs Educational Programs Vocational Programs 3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 6 Behavior Therapy Correctional behavior therapy postulates that the differences between people labeled deviant and nondeviant lie not within the individual but in that person’s responses to problems in the environment. The target of behavior therapy in this case is not criminality per se but the variety of problem behaviors that surround a criminal lifestyle: verbal manipulation and rationalization.; deficiency in social skills; inability to control anger and frustration. Such behavior can make it difficult to keep jobs, avoid conflict, and handle disappointment. The underlying belief is that criminal behavior is typically related to such crucial personal experiences. Social Therapy The broad term social therapy is applied to certain programs because they seek to develop a prosocial environment within the prison to help the offender develop noncriminal ways of coping outside. The basic idea here is that offender’s learn lawbreaking values and behaviors, and in order to change these behaviors and values, the peer relationships must be changed. This approach assumes that true change occurs when offenders begin to take responsibility for the social climate within which they must live. These programs require significant shifts in institutional policy to support a prosocial institutional climate. Thus: Institutional practices must be democratic rather than bureaucratic Programs must focus on treatment rather than custody Humanitarian concerns have priority over institutional routines Flexibility is valued over rigidity The creation of such a therapeutic community has found some success in evaluation studies, and the most recent work suggests that longer stays in therapeutic prison environments and supportive post-release programs will lead to reductions in recidivism. Educational and Vocational Programs One of the oldest ideas in prison programming is to teach prisoners a skill that can help them get a job upon release. Educational and vocational programs are the best way to facilitate this specific goal. Educational Programs Nearly 2/3 of prisoners have failed to graduate from high