Please complete the Unit 4 assignment using the nite from Unit 4 PowerPoint.
Incarceration Incarceration Chapter Ten 2 Explain how today’s prisons are linked to the past. Discuss the goals of incarceration. Be familiar with the organization of incarceration. Discuss the factors that influence the classification of prisons. Explain who is in prison. Learning Outcomes 3 What most people think of when they think of prison comes from their fictional experiences Movies, TV, Books, etc. However, prisons have changed significantly over the course of their history Americas prisons has increased substantially over the past decade Links to the Past 3 4 Custodial Model Rehabilitation Model Reintegration Model The Goals of Incarceration Prisons are expected to be impersonal, quasi-military organizations where strict discipline, minimal amenities, and restrictions on freedom carry out the punishment of criminals. There are three models of incarceration, each with their own emphasis and goals, that have dominated the correctional world since the 1940s. They are, briefly, the custodial model, the rehabilitation model, and the reintegration model. The Custodial Model: Assuming that prisoner have been incarcerated for the purpose of incapacitation, the custodial model emphasizes security, discipline, and order, in which the inmate is subordinate to the authority of the warden. The custodial model prevailed before WWII and is still dominates most maximum-security institutions. The Rehabilitation Model: The rehabilitation model is a model of correctional institutions that emphasizes the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender. As all aspects of the organization should be directed toward rehabilitation, professional treatment specialists enjoy a higher status than do other employees. Treatment programs exist in most contemporary institutions, but since the rethinking of the rehabilitation goal in the 1970s, very few prisons continue to conform to this model. The Reintegration Model: Finally, there is the reintegration model. The reintegration model is a model of correctional institutions that emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties to family and the community as a method of reform, in recognition of the fact that the offender will be returning to the community. Prisons following this model gradually give inmates greater freedom and responsibility during their confinement, moving them to halfway houses or work release programs before releasing them under some form of community supervision. Because prisons are expected to pursue many different and often incompatible goals, it would seem that they are almost doomed to fail. If the purpose of prisons is punishment through confinement under fair and just conditions, what are the implications for correctional managers? 4 5 The Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Makeup Gender: 93% male, 7% female Race: 58% White, 39% Black, Types of offenses: Drug 51%, Public order 37%, Violent 6% Citizenship: U.S. 74%, Mexico 17%, Other/Unknown 5% State Prison Systems Ran by the executive branch 390,000 people work in state institutions Organization for Incarceration All 50 states + the federal government operate prisons. 92% of prisons are run by the states, and the remainder are run by private companies and the federal government. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) Congress created the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1930, under the Department of Justice. At the end of 1930, there were 14 federal prisons that housed 13,000 inmates. Today, the bureau is highly centralized. The bureau now has a network of over 100 institutions. The jurisdiction of federal criminal law, unlike that of the states, is restricted to crimes involving interstate commerce, certain serious felonies, violations of other federal laws, and crimes committed on federal property. There are fewer violent offenders in federal prisons than in most state institutions. Federal prisons often hold a more sophisticated type of criminal from a higher socioeconomic class. The BOP has 116 institutions that are classified using five security levels ranging from minimum to high security. There is one federal super-max prison in Colorado, known as ADX. ADX houses inmates thought to be the most dangerous. Despite the lower number of inmates, the BOP provides many self-improvement programs including vocational training, education, anger management, and life skills training. State Prison Systems: The executive branch of each state administers their prisons. Commissioners of corrections, normally appointed by the governor, are responsible for the operation of the prisons. Each prison has a warden, who is the main boss. Below the warden are often deputy wardens, then unit administrators, then captains, and on down to correctional officers. There are upwards of 390,000 people who work in state institutions. The capacity of a state’s prisons reflects the size of the state’s population. For example Rhode Island won’t have nearly as many inmates as Kentucky or Ohio. 5 6 The Radial Design The Telephone-Pole Design The Courtyard Style The Campus Style Design & Classification of Prisons: Today’s Designs The prisons of today come in four main designs. Briefly, they are the radical design, the telephone-pole design, the courtyard style, and the campus style. Refer to page 261 of your book to see diagrams of each of the types of designs. Radial Design; The radial design is an architectural plan by which a prison is constructed in the form of a wheel, with the “spokes” radiating from the central core. The center of the wheel is the control center where one can monitor movement in the spokes. The spokes are long hallways with inmate cells on either side. Should there be trouble in one of the spokes, it can be closed off to keep trouble away from the rest of the prison. Telephone-Pole Design The telephone pole design is an architectural plan for a prison calling for a long central corridor crossed at regular intervals by structures containing the prison’s functional areas. Each of the cross arms, which jut out from the main hallway, house the functional areas of the prison including housing, education, shops, and infirmary. The telephone pole design is most commonly used for maximum security prisons in the U.S. Built for custody, these prisons can house inmates according to classification levels. The Courtyard Style The courtyard style is an architectural design by which the functional units of a prison are housed in separate buildings constricted on four sides of an open square. Movement happens across the courtyard, as opposed to across the halls in the courtyard style. In some facilities of this type, such functional units as the dining hall, gym, and school are located in the yard area. The Campus Style This style, originally popular with juvenile detention facilities and female prisons, has been used in new men’s prisons as well. It is an architectural design by which the functional units of a prison are individually housed in a complex of buildings surrounded by a fence. Think like a college campus. There are the dorms, campus healthcare, dining hall, etc. This style is thought to be an important development not only because of the humane features of the design but also because the individual buildings can be used more flexibly. Although there are many types of architectural designs of prisons, there is surprisingly little research done on them and their effect on prison life and behavior. Morris and Worrall compared rule violations between inmates housed in campus-style design and telephone pole design and found no difference when examining violent forms of misconduct. For nonviolent rule violations, the campus style was related to higher property and security-related violations. Before we move on to classification of prisons, let’s briefly talk about the locations of prisons. Prisons are almost always in built in rural areas. Why? Well… how would you like a prison in your back yard?! Many residents fight wholeheartedly to make sure prisons are built as far away from them as possible. This concept is known as NIMBY (Not in My Back Yard). Though that is the reason new prisons are built in rural reas, originally the thought eas that inmates would be more ready to repent if they were placed far away from society. 6 7 The Maximum-Security Prison The Medium-Security Prison The Minimum-Security Prison Design & Classification of Prisons: The Classification of Prisons State prisons for men are usually classified according to the level of security deemed necessary: maximum, medium, and minimum. The federal level contains the same security levels + the super maximum security prison. Super Max prisons are designed to hold the worst of the worst. A recent study found that 82% of the public either support or strongly support the use of a super-max prison to handle violent or disruptive prisoners. With changes in the number of prisoners and their characteristics, the distinction between maximum and medium security has disappeared in some systems. In other systems, there are multiple security levels on one campus. For example, in Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky Correctional Complex has a medium security men's institution, which houses a max unit. Outside of the main fence, there is a minimum security mens unit, generally reserved for those with nonviolent crimes or those who are due to leave the prison soon. In the same way, sometimes there are so few female inmates that a state may only have one female state institution. Kentucky is another example. Interestingly enough, there is a minimum security womens annex on Western Kentucky Correctional Complex’s campus. Despite the security levels, there are no national standards determining what makes an institution a certain level. There are, however, informal characteristics. The Maximum Security Prison A max security prison is a prison designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence; to that end, it imposes strict limitations on the freedom of inmates and visitors. On the state level, maximum security prisons are the most secure. They usually have high stone walls and have multiple guard towers, usually they are manned with officers who carry multiple weapons. There are approximately 355 max security facilities in the U.S. and they house about 38% of all state prisoners. Inmates live in cells, each with their own sanitary facilities. Inmates here are almost always in solitary confinement. Meals, entertainment and programming are brought to them. Head counts are frequent and there is virtually no privacy. Many of the maximum security level institutions also house death rows. This is the case in KY, where the death row and state mandated deaths take place at Kentucky State Penitentiary. The Medium Security Prison In the U.S. there are approximately 438 medium security prisons. A medium security prison is a prison designed and organized to prevent escapes and violence, but in which restrictions on inmates and visitors are less rigid than in maximum security facilities. Prisoners in medium security prisoners have more freedoms than max security inmates, but are still rather restricted. Although the inmates may have committed