Part B. Short Answer
(5 points each)
Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible and where appropriate include a specific example to illustrate. Answer the questions using complete sentences. Cite outside sources of information. (2-3 Sentences)
21. An electron micrograph of a cell shows a rigid
cell wall,
a
cytoplasmic membrane, a nonmembrane bound nuclear area, and
no endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. Explain why the cell i
s or is noteach of the following: a human T cell, a virus, a bacterial cell, a yeast cell.
22. The genome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is comprised entirely of RNA. Describe the process by which HIV is able to insert its RNA genome into the host cell's DNA and form a provirus.
23. State and describe three (3) different functions of macrophages in the body's defense against a bacterial or viral infection.
24. Read the following
Science Dailyarticle and answer the questions.
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) (12 April 2012). Possible connection between air pollution and tuberculosis susceptibility.
ScienceDaily. Retrieved 05 May 2013 from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120413162343.htm
a. What was the purpose of Dr. Schwander's experiments?
b. What were the independent and dependent variables?
c. What were the results of the experiments?
d. Did the studies demonstrate a connection between exposure to air pollution and the development of tuberculosis? Why or why not?
Part C. Short Essay
(10 points each)
Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible and where appropriate include a specific example to illustrated. Answer the question in essay form (
not as an outline or as bullets) using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion will not be adequate for full credit. (3-6 sentences)
25. Describe how the first and second lines of defense of your innate immune system can protect you from a 2009-H1N1 influenza infection. Recall from Chapter 18 in your textbook that influenza is a
respiratory disease. Be specific about the tissues, cells, and processes involved and as related to influenza or other respiratory viral diseases. You might find "The Innate Immune System Study Guide" in Module 5 helpful.
26. Describe the composition of prions, how they are transmitted and how they cause disease in the host. Include a discussion of how prions differ from bacteria and viruses in their ability to infect and cause disease in humans. Provide two specific examples of diseases caused by prions.
27. In all living cells, DNA resembles a twisted ladder with pairs of nucleotides forming the rungs of the ladder. Describe the base pairing arrangements found in DNA and how the cell undergoes the process of transcription to create mRNA. Include the role RNA polymerase plays in this process and the structure and base pair composition of the resulting RNA in your answer.
28. Describe the operon theory of gene regulation and include an example to illustrate.
29. Explain why a secondary response to an antigen may prevent a bacterial or viral disease when the primary response did not protect the person from the disease. Be specific about the type of cells and products involved in the responses. (Hint: A secondary response to an antigen is an adaptive immune response, not an innate immune response.)
30. In week 7 conference you learned that genetic reassortment is a mechanism by which new influenza virus subtypes are produced. Using a virus with an RNA genome segmented into three molecules as an example, describe and illustrate this process and include an example of genetic reassortment that resulted in a major change in the genome (antigenic shift ) creating a new influenza A subtype.