Paragraph one:Think critically about the United States' role in World War II. (200 words minimum.)
Paragraphtwo:Think critically about important domestic and international events during the 1950's and 1960's. (200 words minimum.)
Paragraph three:Think critically about politics in the United States from 1970-2000. (200 words minimum.)
Paragraph four:Think critically about important technological advances from 1945-2020. (200 words minimum.)
1302 Test 4 “Rosie the Riveter” 6.5 million women at work in W.W. II helping military (clerks, drivers, cooks, etc.) Another 13 million women worked in factories Women in W.W.II Women in W.W.II President Camacho declared war on Axis Powers after Germany sunk two Mexican oil tankers in the Gulf of Mexico 201st Fighting Mexican Squadron (some trained at the Brownsville airport) fought in the Philippines Mexico also provided allies with: metals, minerals, oil, rubber and fibers Mexico relocated 2100 Japanese and seized German bank accounts Mexico in World War II Mexico as an ally Mexican W.W.II poster 201st Children in W.W.II Tuskegee Airmen D Day Invasion Oct, 1944 – Largest sea battle ever fought Kamikazes “Divine Wind” Battle of Leyte Gulf Albert Einstein Most expensive U.S. project up to that time This project created the atomic bombs 3 bombs were made: Trinity, Little Boy, Fat Man Manhattan Project Manhattan Project Albert Einstein J. Robert Oppenheimer April, 1945 - FDR dies V.P. Harry Truman becomes president Harry Truman May 8, 1945 Berlin captured Hitler commits suicide V. E. Day “”Victory over Europe” Germany surrenders Trinity (July 1945) Little Boy and Fat Man Delivers two remaining atomic bombs to Tinian Island in the northern Marianas It was sunk on it’s return voyage U.S.S. Indianapolis Aug 6, 1945 – 8:15am Hiroshima had an army base and munitions factory Over 100,000 Japanese died Hiroshima Aug. 9, 1945 2nd atomic bomb dropped Naval base 40,000-60,000 deaths Nagasaki Nagasaki Atomic blast Blast victims Atomic blast Atomic victims Atomic destruction August 10, 1945 Japanese emperor Hirohito asked his people to surrender Japan agreed as long as they could keep their emperor as a figurehead leader Hirohito Hirohito August 14, 1945 V.J. Day – “Victory over Japan” Japan surrenders Economics: 1 – Centralization and integration of corporate activities 2 – Industrial development of the sunbelt 3 – Expansion of overseas operations by U.S. companies 4 – Beginning of computers World War II: Baby boomers 12 million people exterminated by Germany during W.W.II Including 6 million Jews Perhaps 75% of the European Jewish population perished Holocaust Holocaust Holocaust Holocaust 1947-1991 Diplomatic and economic hostility, and conflict, between the U. S. and the U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) without actual warfare Nuclear arms race between these two post-W.W.II superpowers Cold War 1945 – headquartered in New York Replaced the ineffective League of Nations Member nations pledge to promote world peace Establishes international law and hears and resolves problems between nations 2016 – 193 member nations United Nations 1947 - U.S. pledge to help any country who do not want to fall to communism U.S. will give money and weapons Two main threats of falling to communism were Greece and Turkey Truman Doctrine applies to other countries as well Truman Doctrine Harry Truman 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization A military alliance among members Ends American isolation “An attack against one, is an attack against all” NATO NATO Western Europe was destroyed after the war and was vulnerable to a communist take over U.S. rebuilds their economies with over $12 billion in funds U.S. needs their economies strong for trade. (We don’t trade with communist) Marshall Plan (1948) 1947 – President Harry Truman signed the National Security Act which created the Central Intelligence Agency Created in part by the British example and success of their Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Gather, process, and analyze national security information from around the world. CIA https://www.cia.gov/index.html CIA Fear of Communism 1947-1957, popularly known as “McCarthyism” Named after Senator Joseph McCarthy Causes: espionage (spying). Example: the trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. Chinese Civil War (China joined the communist world) Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons Second Red Scare Second Red Scare 1950-1953 Containment (George Kennan) With United Nations approval, Truman sends troops to Korea to stop the spread of communism Compromise at the 38th-parallel 33,000 American lives Korea Korean War 1951 (Ratified)- officially limits the president to two terms in office (A reaction to FDR) XXII Amendment 1957 – Soviet Union shocked the world by launching the world’s 1st satellite Successfully orbited the earth in 90 minutes 1958 – U.S. creates NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Sputnik I Wins 1952 and 1956 presidential elections (Republican) 1953 - Operation Ajax – Addressed the possible spread of communism into Iran 1957 - Eisenhower Doctrine – containment of communism of the Middle East Aggression against communism: long-range bombers, long-range missiles, nuclear weapons Dwight D. Eisenhower Eisenhower 1952 – National Security Agency Fort Meade, Maryland “Defending Our Nation. Securing the Future.” Collects data for national defense NSA NSA 1955 – Military and economic alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist nations The communist answer to NATO Warsaw Pact Strong American dollar and buying power 1956 - Federal Highway Act - creates first interstate highway system Automobile sales increase Television Computers (begin) Low Unemployment Corporate America 1950’s - Economy 1956 - Cadillac 1954 – Brown verses Board of Education Overturned Plessy verses Ferguson (1896) Desegregates public education Backed by NAACP and Jewish interests Chief Justice Earl Warren Civil Rights 1955 – Rosa Parks and Montgomery bus boycott Ends segregated public transportation Martin Luther King, Jr. and Passive Resistance (assassinated in 1968 – James Earl Ray) Civil Rights 1957 – Little Rock Central High School Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus blocks 9 African American children from this public school President Eisenhower sends in 101st Airborne Division Event covered by television Civil Rights Little Rock Central High Little Rock Martin Luther King, Jr. Rosa Parks 1951 – Charles Townes - laser 1954 – American microbiologist Jonas Salk developed vaccine against polio 1956 – 1st transatlantic telephone cable 1958 – Jack Kirby – integrated circuit Technology Cold War Cold War Cold War Cold War Polio Antibiotics 1959 – seized power in Cuba by overthrowing Fulgencio Batista Nationalized American owned oil refineries and allied with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev U.S. imposed economic sanctions against Cuba Fidel Castro Fulgencio Batista Nikita Khrushchev John F. Kennedy becomes first and only Catholic president (Democrat) Election of 1960 Election of 1960 1961 – A failed CIA attempt under Kennedy to remove Castro from power in Cuba Bay of Pigs 1962 – Military Airforce spy planes (U-2) photographed nuclear missiles being established in Cuba by the Soviet Union U 2 Spy Planes 1962 – JFK dispatched the U.S. Navy to surround (quarantine) Cuba Not to allow Soviet ships in to Cuba Results: U.S.S.R. agrees to remove missiles from Cuba, and America agrees to disarm Turkey Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis John F. Kennedy 1964 - Signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson who became president after Kennedy assassination Outlawed segregation and established the Fair Employment Practice, lessening discrimination in employment against: Sex, race, religion, age Today – AGE discrimination is the problem in the workforce Handicapped were excluded. Civil Rights Act - 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 1965 – Federal law signed by Johnson Banned literacy tests and voting discrimination Voting Rights Act 24th Amendment – “The right of citizens to vote…shall not be denied…by reason or failure to pay poll tax or other tax.” XXIV 25th Amendment – If the president cannot do their job, then the vice president shall take over. (A result, in part, to the Kennedy assassination) XXV Kent State African-American activists of the 1960’s Malcolm X (assassinated in 1965) Radical militant group formed in Oakland, California Encouraged African-Americans to arm themselves A.K.A. – Black Berets African-American equivalence to the Ku Klux Klan Black Panthers Malcolm X College Disturbances (See Roy Benavides film) 1954-1975 - Vietnam War Was originally French Indo-China Before American involvement Communist in Northern Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh successfully fought and won their independence from France America became concerned of the spreading of communism Vietnam War America sought a policy of containment 1959 - 1st U.S. troops arrived in Vietnam under Eisenhower 1960’s - American troops increased to 500,000 1975 – Last American troops leave Vietnam War Vietnam Vietnam War Vietnam War 26th Amendment - the right to vote for age 18 and above XXVI 26th Amendment Richard Nixon (Republican) won 1968 and 1972 presidential elections CREEP – Committee to Re-elect the President Broke into the Democratic headquarters housed in the Watergate building in Washington, D.C. They were caught and president Nixon was linked and he tried to cover this up Nixon resigned the presidency Richard Nixon Election of 1968 Troops in Vietman Richard Nixon Became president when Nixon resigned Ford’s vice president was Nelson Rockefeller Ford pardoned Nixon Gerald Ford Gerald Ford Won the 1976 election (Democrat) He won against Gerald Ford Carter created the Department of Energy to research and develop alternative fuel sources including nuclear energy Carter negotiated the Camp David Accords in which Egypt recognized Israel as a country and in return Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt Jimmy Carter 1979- 66 Americans were taken hostage in Iran from the American Embassy Carter sent a military rescue mission that failed Carter was unable to get the Americans released which hurt his chances of re-election Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter Wins 1980 presidential election (Republican) against Carter The American hostages in Iran were released the day he became president He was a conservative who favored traditional family values Reagan cut social programs and increased military spending ($1 million per minute) Ronald Reagan He cut taxes for wealthy Americans and supported less government in big business Re-elected in 1984 SDI- Strategic Defense Initiative “Star Wars” A trillion dollar program which will use laser beams to destroy incoming Soviet missiles He traveled to Moscow and negotiated a reduction in nuclear weapons with Mikhail Gorbachev By 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan Crude-Oil Imports and Gasoline Prices Election of 1980 Reagan's vice president George Bush (Republican) Won 1988 election U.S. versus (Democrat) Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts Former ambassador to China and former director of the CIA Fought a “war” against illegal drugs from coming into America especially cocaine Dispatched troops to Iraq after Suddam Hussain invaded Kuwait Passed the Americans with Disabilities