Panic disorder (PD) and cigarette smoking are highly comorbid and associated with worse panic and smoking outcomes. Smoking may become an overlearned automatized response to relieve panic-like...

A summary of the paper’stopic and objective Panic disorder and smoking is highly related with each other. Smoking can relieve panic like withdrawal distress and people think that smoking relives the stress. When people smoking constantly, it will be difficult abstain. There is relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and panic disorder. Smokers with panic disorder are rely on smoking to manage affective distress. The objective of this study is to find the indirect relation between panic disorder status and smoking cognition through emotion regulation difficulties. Also, the experiment of research was examined among daily smokers. The researcher found evident that an indirect relation between panic disorder status, additives, negative reinforcement and personal harm through self-reported difficulties with emotion regulation. A description of the experimental or survey protocol used, with comments on design aspects, if any, that may limit the study The sampling for this research was done with smokers. There are criteria to pick appropriate sample. Criteria were including daily smoker at least past year, people who didn’t decreased the number of cigarettes per day by more than half in the past 6 months, ages between 18 to 65 years old. The criteria that excluded in the experiments were, people who have medical condition, people who meet criteria that diagnosis of panic disorder, pregnancy, people using nicotine replacement, prior experience with CO2 challenge and suicidality. There are several limitations to this investigation. Sample consists community recruited. Future studies will be good if researches can get findings in more ethnically and racially diverse sample of smokers with higher level of cigarette dependence. There is limited sample size in current studies. Findings are not generalizable to all smokers with panic disorder. Identification of the response variable related to a statistical conclusion, including its type dependent...