ONLY HAVE TO DO 2 PROBLEMSNAME: DATE:_____________________...

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ONLY HAVE TO DO 2 PROBLEMSNAME:             DATE:_____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________    PICK TWO OUT OF THE THREE AND ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS FOR THOSE   PROBLEM’S SCENARIO (40pts each)     Scenario instructions: For each scenario, you are now a new Conservation Geneticist that has  been brought onto a team.  You will be given certain information regarding each scenario and  based upon the knowledge you have gained from lectures and reading you should be able to  provide information to your new team that will help with the protection and management of the  animal of concern.  You be asked to summarize the information provided, and so in your own  words explain the information you are given so that a non-science person can understand.  When  you use terms (i.e. heterozygosity, F, or genetic variation, etc.…) please define it in your own  words and not the definition you may find in your text or online.  In other words, describe it as if  you were telling it to you mom or a friend.    Problem 1:    A medium-sized (avg 2’ tall), extremely agile but shy mammal was found on three islands. This  nocturnal (active during the night but sleeps during the day) animal was found to live where  rocky, rugged and steep terrain seemed to provide daytime refuge. On island A (a small island)  the population is estimated at being approximately 175 individuals.  This island is close to other  similar size island (Island B), and a third, much larger island (Island C).  This mammal is  indigenous to all the islands. Recent surveys place the total number of animals at ~700 for the  entire species.  There is no historical data of the number of species that existed on the islands.  Their total numbers and range have been drastically reduced since colonization. The last genetic  analysis of the populations was conducted many years ago (>25 years).  The survey was  conducted utilizing 10 allozymes loci on island A, B and a sub-population on island C. Below are the results:    Island Population  Name   Proportion of loci  that are polymorphic   Mean number of  alleles per locus   Avg Heterozygosity   A  0.1  1.2  0.05   B  1.0  3.4  0.62   C  1.0  4.4  0.56 Six alleles in total were identified with the 10 loci utilized in the previous study.  The F  coefficients were examined; island A’s F=0.91, island B’s F=0.39.  The animal was seen to live  in social groups of 10 to 100 individuals. Individuals typically reach sexual maturity at one to  two years of age, after which time breeding can be continuous. The mammal rears only one  young at a time and can only rear 1 offspring approximately every two years.  Breeding can be  affected by the rainfall. Predation is believed to come from small carnivores (foxes) and feral  cats. At the time of this study 52% of the females on island A were lactating, but 92% were  lactating on island C. 1. Briefly summarize the information you were given in your own words and your initial  concerns (if any). Remember from class we talked about ecology of the animal as well as  the genetic picture and how they affect each other. Tell me what you understand from  the information you were given and your concerns (Restate like you were telling a  family member):    2. Briefly explain the significance of the data provided with regards to island A and then as  a total species (Hint* IUCN status/criteria, ecology of the species, Ne, diversity, etc.…).  This is more specific than the information you provided in question 1. 3. As the new researcher on the team what would you do differently or add to research? 4. How would you increase the genetic diversity of the island populations with a low F  coefficient? 5. A.  If you can increase the genetic diversity on island A what would you think would  happen with the F value and would this change be fast or slow, and why? B.   Can you use/ would you use Island A as an ideal source of restocking any other  population? Problem 2:    Eighty years ago, a research team went deep in the jungles of “Waytoohot” and stumbled upon a  small arboreal monogamous primate.  This primate was found nowhere else in the world, and  researchers discovered that their entire species was sub-divided into 10 isolated refugia within  that isolated region of “Waytoohot”.   Surveys of the total population were estimated at being  close to 20,000 at the time of discovery.  When a team returned many years later (Early 1980’s)  the primate’s numbers had dramatically reduced to 2% of its historical population (90%.  When the genetic  makeup of just the zoo animals was investigated, it was discovered that 75%, or 2/3 of the genes  of the captive population could be traced back to a single breeding pair. 1. Briefly summarize the information you were given in your own words and your initial  concerns (if any). Remember from class we talked about ecology of the animal as well as the  genetic picture and how they affect each other. Tell me what you understand from the  information you were given and your concerns (Restate like you were telling a family  member): 2. Briefly explain the significance of the data provided with regards to the primate (Hint* IUCN  status/criteria, ecology of the species, Ne, diversity, etc.…). This is more specific than the  information you provided in question 1. 3. As the new researcher on the team what would you do differently or add to research? 4. Hypothesize what you feel happened to the initial population. Give me at least three examples. 5. How important is the zoo population to the survival of the wild population?  Why?  What can  the zoo populations add to the wild populations and how? Problem 3:    You had a medium-sized bird that once thrived in the mature evergreen forests southern and  southeastern portions of region (Approximately the size of ¼ of the US). The bird requires the  mature forest to nest and find food (insects). In 35 years of being watched these birds have  declined steadily. The area where the bird’s main habitat was has become fragmented and the  once contiguous population of birds now survives in scattered and isolated sites.  Initial data  shows an Fst of 0.14 with allozymes, and 0.19 with RAPD data. Not all populations are the same  size.  Some populations range in size from 20 to approximately 600. The bird has NOT been seen  migrating between populations.  The species excavates a number of cavities in trees within their  territory. It may take two years or more to completely dig out one cavity. Only when the cavity is  complete will the eggs be laid in this cavity. This bird is a cooperative breeder, and lives in small  family groups composed of one breeding pair and several helpers.      1. Briefly summarize the information you were given in your own words and your initial  concerns (if any). Remember from class we talked about ecology of the animal as well as the  genetic picture and how they affect each other. Tell me what you understand from the  information you were given and your concerns (Restate like you were telling a family  member): 2. Briefly explain the significance of the data provided with regards to the bird (Hint*   IUCN status/criteria, ecology of the species, Ne, diversity, etc.…). This is more specific than the  information you provided in question 1. 3. Please explain the migration between populations.  What is the likely hood of inbreeding  depression within the populations and why. 4. Please explain the importance of the mature forest for this bird species and come up with a  plan(s) / idea to help with maintaining the forests.  (Hint they eat insects/they are a nesting  bird) 5. Please hypothesize what would happen to a population or populations with the introduction of  a stochastic factor. For the next 10 questions answer each question with short answers (2pts each). Just a few words  will suffice or one sentence.      1. A synonymous mutation is?    2. What is an intron?     3. What is a mutation?     4. What is allelic diversity (A)?    5. Define heterozygosity:    6. What is Ne?    7. What is Fst?     8. What is RAPD?    9. What is a locus?     10. What is genetic diversity?

Rajeswari · Accepted Answer

1. Synonymour mutation  does not change the encoded amino acid.  But  changes the codes of amino acids in the DNA sequence 
2. Intron is a long stretch of DNA found between exons without codes in a gene
3. As a result of bad habits as cigarette or UV light, or copying of DNA cell, mutation is the  change that occurs in our DNA sequence,. 
4.  Allelec diversity represents the average number of alleles per locus present in a population.
5. Heterozygosity is  the possession of two different alleles of a particular gene or genes by any individual
6. Ne is nothing but the size of an ideal Wright–Fisher population showing the same amount of genetic drift and inbreeding 
7. Fst is the proportion of the total genetic variance contained in a subpopulation  relative to the total genetic variance 
8. RAPD is a technique for identifying genetic variation, which  involves the use of a single arbitrary primer in a PCR reaction, 
9. Locus is the specific physical location of a gene or other DNA sequence on a chromosome, which serves as an aid to locate the place.
10.

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