Numerous epidemiological studies associate a history of smoking with the presence of lung cancer. If a study finds association (cancer rates are higher among smokers), does this mean that smoking...

Numerous epidemiological studies associate a history of smoking with the presence of lung cancer. If a study finds association (cancer rates are higher among smokers), does this mean that smoking causes cancer?

Incidences of flu are much more prevalent in the winter months than in the summer. Does this association between respiratory illness and outside temperature imply that cold weather causes the flu?