No. 1. Define the terms: acid, alkali, alkalinity, coagulant. Detail the sources of the definitions. No. 2. Which of the two water samples had the higher alkalinity? Why? No. 3. Using the following...

Practical 1: Measurement of alkalinity of waters used for drinking water supply
Authors:
Your name (+team)
Abstract:
The water are analysed using coagulation method to find out the alkalinity nature and by using its concentration pH of the given water sample is computed which is used to study the impact on water treatment plant as coagulation affects the filtering stage and performance in output quality due to fouling of filtering unit which is based on the alkalinity of water.
Introduction:
The alkaline nature of ground and surface water is used to measure buffering state of water which helps to determine the ability of water to resist change in pH and depends on composition of hydroxide ion, bicarbonate and carbonate. Whenever water exhibits high alkaline characteristics resembles its capacity to resist change in pH by adding either acid or alkali. If water had low state of alkalinity will result in acceptance of protons (or) electrons to exhibit change in pH which affects the nature of water characteristics in both state of high acid (or) alkaline state result in non-fit of water for use.
In this experiment we use sample of low saline water i.e, fresh water by using coagulating agents to study the impact of alkalinity. Coagulation method is used in treatment for portable water as coagulation helps to separate inorganic/organic substance from water by maintaining proper COD, BOD & TDS level as per recommendation. The main objective of our experiment is to find suitable coagulation for water treatment at minimal level of supervision to achieve effective treated portable water.
Materials and Methods:
Chemicals and equipment: Coagulants: Poly aluminium chloride (PACl); Aluminium sulphate or Alum (10,000 ppm as Al2 (SO4)3:18H2O); 0.1M Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Water samples A and D, pH meter and calibration buffers, burette, beakers, magnetic stirrer device, magnetic stirrer (or ‘flea’), safety glasses, latex gloves, de-ionized water (DI water)
Procedure:
1. Put on laboratory coat and safety glasses. Safety glasses are mandatory and MUST be worn at all times in the laboratory.
2. Measure 500 mL of Sample A water using the measuring cylinder provided and pour into a 1 litre beaker. Place a magnetic flea into the beaker and place the beaker onto the magnetic stirrer device. Ensure the heating switch is OFF before placing the beaker of water onto the magnetic stirrer.
3. Place a burette onto a stand and carefully pour 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid into the burette (to just above the “0” mark. Place a beaker (100 mL) underneath the outlet of the burette and slowly open the tap until the level of HCl is exactly at the “0” level. (the bottom of the meniscus is at the “0” mark of the burette). DO NOT fill burette above your water sample.
4. Rinse the pH probe in DI water and pour about 30 mL of the pH 4 buffer in small beaker. Place the rinsed pH probe in the buffer and record the value. Repeat this for the pH 7 buffer rinsing the probe first. If readings are significantly greater than 0.2 units from the standard values 4 and 7, report this to you demonstrator as the meter may require calibration.
5. After the pH meter has been...