Need to do online APUSH for unit 8

Name of the student:
Name of the Institution:
Roll No:
Date of Submission:
Contents
Section 1    3
Section 2    8
References    50
Section 1
a. How did the Cold War contribute to a culture of conformity during the 1950s?
There was a sudden rise in fear of communism, and everything that it could do to society. This was the primary reason that there was an increased sense of conformity in the United States of America. This sense of conformity led to an increase in the way that people thought and dressed, and the reprisal of many traditional roles as well. This was also because of the sense of safety that could be found in conformity (Applebaum, 2013). By being the same, many Americans of the 1950s felt that they were more protected, and thus safer. The rise in cultural anxiety, and the fear of imminent destruction of the country, as well as the destruction of lives was the primary reason that cultural anxiety could be seen in the country. The cold war was one of the worst times for the country, and most believed that if they were the same, and there was no chance of any dissent, the United States would not suffer the same way (Wells, Sherborne & Stone, 2011). The Government caught onto this, and furthered the need for anxiety by cracking down on anyone who was questioning the status quo by using fear and intimidation. Thus, the cold war became a major catalyst for conformity in the 1950s.
b. In what ways did the United States become increasingly involved in conflicts and international politics as a result of the Cold War?
The United States Government started a crackdown on all dissenters, both within the country and away from the country. Post the cold war, it came to the attention of the government that Russia (then the Soviet Union) was in charge of making nuclear arms (Fursenko & Naftali, 2006). This led to an increased interest in conflicts and international politics, for the main reason that they needed allies in case of another Cold War. After the Cold War, the United Nations became more prominent, and the United States of America started becoming prominent members of the United Nations. They also took increased attention to Asia, and started becoming involved in Vietnam, as well as in the Middle East. They also became a strategic partner and formed NATO, in an effort to please European counterparts. All this was done with the intention of forming allies, and to prove to the Soviet Union that the United States of America had become a power to be reckoned with (Hillenbrand, 2014). By forming strategic alliances, nuclear deals and security and trades with most countries, the United States of America became involved in conflicts and international polices all over the world.
c. How did the implementation of nonviolent direct action lead to positive change in the civil rights movement? Why did part of the movement turn away from a nonviolent approach after 1965?
The implementation of nonviolent direct action led to positive change in the way that most authorities looked at the civil rights movement. This was mainly due to the influence of the World-War 2 veterans, who did not wish to trade in their freedom for more violence, since they had already witnessed a significant amount of violence abroad. It also brought in more attention to the movement as well (Gaddis, 2007). Pacifism seemed to work in the United States of America, since it gained them international attention, as this method had also been used by Gandhi in India. The positive change could also be viewed in the way that the world and the leaders of the United States looked at the civil rights movement. Because of the non-violence movement, authorities could no longer use weapons or violence, since it brings too much undue attention to the United States, which was then trying to portray themselves as a nation of the free (Stokesbury, 2007). However, it was after 1956 that the leaders tended to realize that the non-violent approach was not working for them, since the United States of America was a different place than India. Part of the movement felt that this approach was not the best strategy, which is why the shied away from it.
d. What conditions led to the growth of protest movements and increased rights for various groups in the 1960s? What methods did the movements use?
The conditions that led to the growth of the protest movement would have been the rise of the World Wars, and the increased participation of the United States of America in these wars, leading to the loss of millions of lives. The main aspect that led to the protest against segregation had been the fact that in World War 2, most African-Americans in the war had been treated the same as the White Americans (Gaddis, 2005). This led them to think that they could have equality in the country, which was an important issue as well. There was an increasing amount of dissatisfaction amongst the average Americans, and the ideals that the American constitution was in charge for. This was the primary issue that led to the increase in the protest movements in the country. This meant increased rights for many groups. It meant that women could have equal rights as men, and led to the civil rights movement in which the African-Americans could have equal rights as well. most of the movements used violent, non-violent direct action and legal methods (Zinn, 2003). This included court cases against the United States Government, sit-ins and non-violent methods of protesting, as well as violent protests across the country.
e. What caused the rise of conservatism in the 1970s?
There was a sense of disillusionment in the United States from the side of the people in the 1970s. This was primarily due to the influence of everything that the country had gone through. This included the 2 world wars, as well as the Cold War, the Great Depression and the Vietnam War. The pollical, social and economic trends of the country would have been the ideal fuel that caused the rise in conservatism in the United States of America in the 1970s (Isaacson & Thomas, 2013). There was a suspicion of the government and its ability to remove some of the deep-rooted issues of the society as well. There was also a steady inflation that was caused. All of this, along with the increased amount of migration in the country, caused a rise in conservatism. This was further fuelled by the way that the churches in the country reacted to the trend as well. It was also in 1973 that the Roe vs Wade case legalised abortion in the United States, which became a moral issue for many church-going, fundamental Christians as well (Arnold-Forster, 2001). This led to the increased need for America to become a conservative country, which led to the rise of Ronald Reagan and conservatism.
f. How were the economic challenges of the 1970s unique in American history?
There was an increased rise in conservatism, and in the 1960s, the main goal had been to keep unemployment in the country low, and the economy had increasingly become stagnant. It was also a time when conservatism had been increasing in the country, and inflation rates had been very high (Judt, 2006). The idea of socialism being bad for the country had also been brought in, and this was primarily due to the fact that Reagan diluted many of the policies that had been in place to protect the average Americans (Judt, 2006). This led to steady inflation, which caused many issues. American participation in wars and conflicts that did not impact the country had also been the main reason that the o9nlftaion kept increasing. This problem was very uniquely American, since it was the first time that the Americans, as a whole, had decided that the principles of the past, which included socialism, and taxes for the rich, did not work for the country (Roberts & Westad, 2014). It was the first time in American history that the issue of the policies not being suited, and the need for dilution of the policies had come up. Thus, the issues of unemployment, and economic challenges had been unique to American history.
Section 2
1. Yalta Conference - The Yalta conference was one of the biggest conferences in the history of the world. It was held from 4 February, 1945, to 11 February, 1945, and consisted Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, who had been the heads of states in the United States of America, United Kingdom and Soviet Union respectively (Leffler, 2010). The result of the conference was that the Soviet Union agreed to join the United Nations, and several nations in the Union, the main amongst them Russia, was given a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council. However, the results of this conference were disastrous for Eastern Europe, since it meant that they had been held hostage.
2. United Nations - The United Nations is one of the most important elements of the world. It came into power after the Second World War, and the main aim of the united Nations has been to ensure that countries all over the world are able to provide for their citizens basic rights and freedoms, and to ensure that there is peace amongst all of the countries (Marr, 2013). There are many parts of the United Nations, and amongst them is the United Nations Security Council, as well as the United Nations Education council. The United Nations consist of members from almost every country in the world. However, there have been many criticisms made of the United Nations as well.
3. Potsdam Conference - The Potsdam conference was a conference that was set up in Berlin in Potsdam. It was held from 17 July, 1945, to August 2, 1945. The primary reason for the conference being called was the Second World War. It was held between the United States of America, The United Kingdom and the Soviet Kingdom, or between the leaders, which were Truman, Churchill and Stalin respectively (Remini, 2009). The main aim of the conference had been to ensure that there was a peace treaty that could be negotiated between the allies. However, there was no peace treaty that had been aimed to be written towards the end of the conference.
4. Containment - Containment is a geopolitical methodology to stop the development of a foe. It is best known as a Cold War remote approach of the United States and its partners to keep the spread of socialism, as well as communism. As a part of the Cold War, this arrangement was a reaction to a progression of moves by the Soviet Union to build socialist impact in China, Africa, Eastern Europe, Korea, Vietnam, and Latin America. The process of containment spoke to a center ground position among tranquility and rollback (Remnick, 2012). The premise of the teaching was explained in a 1946 link by U.S. negotiator George F. Kennan amid the post-World War II organization of U.S. President Harry S. Truman.
5. Truman Doctrine - The main purpose of the Truman doctrine had been to ensure that the Soviet Union could not expand its geopolitical reign. Since it was announced by Harry Truman, it was called the Truman Doctrine. It involved the use of financial aid that was provided to Greece and Turkey, but there was no direct force that was military in nature that was given to the countries (Westad, 2007). It was against totalitarian regimes, since the constitution of the United States of America insisted that America could lend a hand in ensuring that people of all countries from all over the world be free.
6. Marshall Plan - The Marshall Plan had been announced in 1948. This was a plan that was meant to provide Europe with aid money in order to ensure that they could develop themselves again. The main aim of the plan towards the end of the United States had been to ensure that no European country would go back to the idea of communism post the second world war. Thus, this was an essential element in ensuring that the countries governed in a manner that was beneficial to the United States of America (McPherson, 2013). This meant that there many barriers that had been removed in accordance to this plan.
7. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - NATO is a union of 28 nations circumscribing the North Atlantic Ocean. It incorporates the United States, most of the European Union, Turkey and Canada. NATO is an abbreviation for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The United States contributes three-fourths of NATO's financial budget. Amid the 2016 presidential crusade, Donald Trump said other NATO individuals ought to spend more on their military (Stokesbury, 2001). Just four nations achieve the focused on spending of 2 percent of total national output. They are the United States, the United Kingdom, Greece, and Estonia. The main reason for NATO being in place is to ensure that countries have allies with each other in case of war.
8. Warsaw Pact - This was a pact that had been made between the Soviet Union and the 7 countries that surrounded the Soviet Union in Central and Eastern Europe. It was signed in Warsaw in Poland, and this was the main reason that it had been called the Warsaw Pact (Westad, 2007). The main reason for the signing of the Warsaw Pact had been the integration of Germany into NATO, and to ensure that there was military control of the Soviet Union over the countries in Eastern and Central Europe. It was mainly established in order to balance and act as a counter to the growing powers that were present in NATO.
9. NSC-68 - The NSC-68 is also called the United States Objectives and Programs for National Security. This is because it is a top-secret government documentation that was presented to Harry Truman (Williams, 2009). It is 66 pages long, and is one of the most important documentations regarding the Cold War. It is because of this document that the military budget for the United States increased, as well as the development of the first Hydrogen Bomb in the United States of America also became a reality. The highest priority of this was to increase aid in order to reduce communism all over the world.
10. Taft-Hartley Act - The Taft-Hartley Act was also called the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947. This was brought into place in order to ensure that the power of labor unions could be restricted, along with their activities as well. This was an essential act that the president of the time, Harry Truman vetoed against (Applebaum, 2013). It was brought into place by Senator Robert A. Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley, Jr. This was against the strike wave and the protest wave that had hit America in the 1940s, and would ensure that the employees right to demand and free speech was violated, according to Truman.
11. Fair Deal - In January 1949, in a State of the Union Address, president Harry Truman proposed some deals that many people thought of as radical. It made an attempt to continue New Deal liberalism, but also add Conservative Coalition into the mix in order to ensure that every American would be happy with the deal that was presented as well (Westad, 2007). There was an immense amount of aid that was provided to education, universal health insurance and to ensure that fair employment was the process taken by most companies. It was also during this speech that the Taft-Hartley Act was told to be repealed.
12. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - This was investigative committee that had been set up in 1938 in order to ensure that the any citizen, whether they be a part of a private committee or the government, were not having fascist or communist roots as well. The committee was formed to check whether any American participated or had beliefs that were un-American. They changed the name of the committee in 1969 to House Committee on Internal Security (Fursenko & Naftali, 2006). This committee was formed from the House of Representatives and was one of the biggest steps in ensuring a removal of communist agenda from American hearts.
13. Domino theory - This was a theory that was prevalent in the 1950s to the 1980s, especially in the United States of America. According to this theory, it meant that if a country in an area got a communist government, the countries in the surrounding regions, like Dominos, would also have a similar communist government (Wells, Sherborne & Stone, 2011). This was the main reasons that the United States of America, carried out some of the acts that they carried out. This was also used as a means to justify American actions during the Cold War. It was also used by Eisenhower to justify American actions around the world, particularly war.
14. Eisenhower Doctrine - The Eisenhower Doctrine was put in place by President Dwight Eisenhower, who insisted that in case of need, a middle Eastern country could approach the United States of America with a request for aid. This was mainly done in order to ensure that the Soviet threat to the middle east, and thus to the United States of America, could not happen (Gaddis, 2007). This was because after the Suez crisis, there was an increased attention that had been paid to Egypt by the Soviet Union. This danger that was outlined in the Doctrine could be due to the increase of communist forces in the area, or the threat of war to the area as well.
15. Bay of Pigs- The Bay of Pigs is an area that is off the coast of Cuba, and is well-known for the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. The Bay of Pigs is popular because Fidel Castro, one of the most important and prominent leaders of Latin America, was known to hold a significant holding there, with at least 20 mansions in the area. In 1961, the United States of America, sought to kill Castro for the brutal way in which he had been known to rule the country (Hillenbrand, 2014). Cuba had soon, under Castro, become a threat to the United States of America, which is why they thought of eliminating Castro in the Bay of Pigs, and failed.
16. Cuban missile crisis - This is also known as the October Crisis of 1962. This was a 13-day confrontation between the United States of America and the Soviet Union. It was started by the American launch of missiles in Turkey and Italy, followed by the launch of Soviet missiles in Cuba ((Isaacson & Thomas, 2013). This is often considered the closest that the Cold War had come to a full-on nuclear war, and is thus, one of the most remembered moments in History as well. The launch of the missiles was in response to the failed attempt that happened during the Bay of Pigs.
17. Peace Corps - The Peace Corps is a volunteer program kept running by the United States government. Its official mission is to give social and monetary advancement abroad through specialized help, while advancing shared comprehension among Americans and populaces served. Harmony Corps Volunteers are American natives, commonly with a professional education, who work abroad for a time of two years following three months of preparing (Roberts & Westad, 2014). Volunteers work with governments, schools, non-benefit associations, non-government associations, and business visionaries in training, business, data innovation, horticulture, and the earth. Following two years of administration, volunteers can ask for an expansion of administration.
18. Joseph Stalin - Joseph Stalin is perhaps one of the most feared politicians of all time. He was one of the main leaders of the Soviet Union during the Cold War and during the first world war. He was a communist, and followed the Leninist ideology of Marxism. Because of his ideals of communism, he led the Soviet Union to become one of the most important places in the world, and this was in direct opposition to the United States of America. He was in office from 1922 to 1953, and is considered to be one of the most significant figures in the 20th Century (Gaddis, 2005).
19. George F. Kennan - George F Kennan is a famous American politician and historian. One of his most famous statements in the containment of Soviet expansion during the time of the Cold War. He was a part of a group of leaders from all over the world that were known as “The Wise Men”. He was born in 1904 in Milwaukee, and died in 2005 in New Jersey (Stokesbury, 2001). He was the US Ambassador to the Soviet Union, and an ambassador to Yugoslavia as well. He was one of the most famous realist critics of US foreign policies and continued to do so till he died.
20. Joseph McCarthy - Joseph McCarthy was an American politician who took up the post of Senator of Wisconsin. Born in 1908 in Wisconsin, he is famous known for the term “McCarthyism”. He is known for alleging that there were numerous soviet spies and such who had infiltrated the United States by virtue of the government, and in universities and places of public. It is because of his allegations that there were many US citizens, who had been accused of fascism and communism, and believed to be Soviet spies and arrested (Remini, 2009). He died in 1957, at the age of 48.
21. Nikita Khrushchev - He was a leader of the Soviet Union during one part of the Cold War. He was the first secretary of the Communist party in the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. He was the main person who had been responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, and ensuring that the Soviet Space Program took off (Leffler, 2010). In terms of political ideology, he was very liberal in his thought, and made sure that many of his policies had been in the same favour as well. By virtue of his position, he was also under a lot of criticism from all over the world.
22. John F. Kennedy - John F Kennedy, or JFK is perhaps one of the most well-known American presidents and politicians of all time. He was a journalist, and the 35th President of the United States of America. He served his term during the height of the Cold War, and the main actions that had been taken during his term had to do with ensuring that the Soviet Union was managed properly (Arnold-Forster, 2001). He was born in 1916 and died in 1963, due to a gunshot to the head. He was a democratic leader, and has one of the highest presidential approval ratings of any American president.
23. Fidel Castro - Fidel Castro is also one of the most important figures in 20th Century. He was a communist revolutionary leader of Cuba. He was also, soon enough, one of the biggest threats to America. He was the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and then became president of the country from 1976 to 2008. He was a Marxist-Leninist, and is still known as one of the most important people in communist history (Zinn, 2003). He nationalized every business in Cuba, and that made it into one of the most emerging economies of Latin America.
24. Ho Chi Minh - He was a revolutionary Vietnamese leader, who was communist. He was one of the main leaders behind the Việt Minh independence movement and was one of the main people who helped in establishing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was communist-ruled (Williams, 2009). There is a significant debate on his life before he came to power, since he has been known to use many pseudonyms, and the exact date and place of his birth is also unknown. The capital of Vietnam is named Ho Chi Minh city in his honour, because after the Vietnam War, the people wanted to do something in his name.
25. Kitchen debate- There were a serious of very impromptu exchanges that had occurred between Nikita Khrushchev, who was the Soviet First Secretary, as well as the President of the United States of America, Richard Nixon. It was held through the use of interpreters at the American National Exhibition, which was held in Moscow in Sokolniki Park in 1959 (Stokesbury, 2007). It was mainly regarding the benefits of communism and capitalism from both sides. The entire thing was recorded and rebroadcast for people in both countries to hear and understand.
26. Bretton Woods - United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was also called the Bretton Woods conference. It was held between around 730 delegates from as many as 44 countries which were Allied. This was done in order to regulate the monetary funds after the end of the Second world war (Remnick, 2012). It was held from July 1, to July 2 in 1944. It was during this conference that the International Monetary Fund as well as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development was developed. It is thus, one of the most significant moments in world history and business and economies, since the foreign exchange market rate system was also established here.
27. World Bank - The World Bank is one of the most recognized institutions in the world. It is able to provide loans to countries that are in need of funds in order to further development. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association are the two main components of the world bank (McPherson, 2013). The stated goal of the World Bank would be the reduction of poverty. The largest recipient of loans from the World Bank is India, which as of November 2018, has borrowed around $859 million in 2018.
28. International Monetary Fund - The International Monetary Fund is a part of the United nations. This is one of the main funds that is available to all the countries in order to assist in development. The International Monetary Fund consists of 189 countries, and the main goal of the fund is to assist each other in development by making trade and monetary cooperation available to all the member countries (Marr, 2013). The IMF is an important establishment. However, in recent years, it has come under international pressure, after many allegations of partiality, and issues in regards to the distribution of funds has been uncovered by the media.
29. Military-Industrial Complex- This is an easygoing alliance between a nations' military and the obstruction business that arrangements it, seen together as an individual stake which impacts open course of action. There is a double advantage with this connection- one is getting weapons for war and other is money getting after the supply of weapons. It is estimated that this coalition in the U.S. has prompted a peaceful world request in which all enemies agree that atomic war should be kept in a distance no matter what. Extra advantages of the Military Industrial Complex of the United States incorporate the headway of the non military personnel innovation advertise as non military personnel organizations profit by advancements from the MIC and the other way around (Cooling & Koistinen, 1982).
30. Sputnik- The Soviet Union effectively propelled Sputnik I on October 4, 1957. That dispatch presented new political, military, imaginative, and sensible enhancements. The Sputnik dispatch had a colossal effect. As a particular achievement, Sputnik got the world's thought and the American open off guard. Besides, the open anticipated that that the Soviets' ability should dispatch satellites also made an elucidation of into the capacity to dispatch ballistic rockets that could pass on nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. By then the Soviets struck afresh; on November 3, Sputnik II was moved, passing on a significantly heavier payload, including a doggie named Laika (Cooling & Koistinen, 1982).
31. National Defense Education Act- The act came into existence on September 2, 1958, giving financing to U.S. instruction establishments at all dimensions. This act was among numerous science activities executed by President in 1958 to build the technological culture and power of US. The demonstration, in this manner, was intended to satisfy two purposes. To begin with, it was intended to furnish the nation with explicit guard situated staff. This included giving government help to unknown dialect researchers, territory thinks about focuses, and designing understudies. Second it provided financial help basically through the National Defense Student Loan program for a large number of understudies who might be a piece of the developing numbers enlisting at schools and colleges during the 1960s (Prensky, 1960).
32. The Affluent Society- The Affluent Society is a 1958 (fourth version modified 1984) book by Harvard financial expert John Kenneth Galbraith. The book looked to obviously plot the way in which the post– World War II United States was getting to be affluent in the private division yet stayed poor in the open area, lacking social and physical foundation, and propagating pay variations. The book started much open dialog at the time. It is additionally credited with advancing the expression "tried and true way of thinking" (Prensky, 1960).
33. Veterans Administration- The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) is an office of the U.S. Agency of Veterans Affairs. Its obligation is to disregard the Department's activities that give money related and different sorts of assistance to veterans, their wards, and survivors. Noteworthy favorable circumstances consolidate Veterans' compensation, Veterans' annuity, survivors' focal points, reclamation and business help, guidance help, home development affirmations, and life inclusion consideration. The main focus of VBA is to give advantages and administrations to the...