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Microsoft Word - Study Guide Exam 4 f13 Study Guide Exam 4 Glycogen Metabolism Know how glycogen synthesis and degradation are regulated (cascade link, hormone effects). Know the main enzymes of synthesis and degradation and how they are reciprocally linked Know what hormones trigger what effects in response to what condition. (Insulin/glucagon/epinephrine) Know cellular location of the processes. Oxidative Phosphorylation Know location of complexes, types of electron carriers Know general theory of electron transport‐‐how electrons are passed, logic of organization Know how proton gradients are formed an utilized to make ATP (pmf and coupling factor) Know the effect of electron transport inhibitors, ATP synthase inhibitors and uncouplers on electron transport and ATP synthesis capable preparations Be able to determine ATP counts and effect of glycerol phosphate and malate‐aspartate shuttles Know that ATP count is affected by indirect costs (ATP translocase, etc.)but not by how much. Lipid Metabolism Know how triacylglycerols are mobilized from adipose tissue and the process that preceeds oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondrial matrix. Be able to determine ATP counts from total oxidation of fatty acids(sat., unsat., odd). Know how fatty acid synthesis begins. Know regulation of synthesis vs. oxidation (hormones, citrate, CAT I inhibition) Know roles of ketone bodies‐‐when formed and fate. Nitrogen and Amino Acids Know the generalities of the nitrogen cycle Know the main reactions for handling ammonia (transamination , etc.); be able to predict products. Know how organisms dispose of ammonia, the overall flow of the urea cycle, where it occurs and the source of N's Know the main precursors for amino acids (not exactly what produces which a.a. but sources of carbon chains) Know the major products of carbon chain catabolism and the difference between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Connections Be able to use a "general flow" diagram to evaluate different metabolic states. Be able to coordinate carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism according to regulatory signals. Know the key intermediates that participate and link the paths. Nucleotides Know composition, linkages and nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Be able to describe the structures of DNA, RNA‐‐ how nucleotides are linked, strands and shapes. Know the processes of replication, transcription and tranalation well enough to predict the products of each process as the central dogma progresses. Be comfortable with the terms "semi‐conservative, semi‐discontinuous, Okazaki fragments, primer, peptidyl transferase, promotor, origin, degeneracy, intron, template" and be able to place them in their proper process Understand the Meselsohn‐Stahl experiment for replication. Know RNA processing modes Understand the hyperchromic shift and what it tells you about nucleic acid structure Know how to classify nucleases Be able to read a sequencing gel or draw one from the sequence of a nucleic acid.