Name: Assignment Submission – Using the Hardy-Weinberg Equations Instructions: As you follow the Lab Walkthrough PowerPoint, you will be prompted to transfer answers to this graded handout. Ensure...

Biology Handout


Name: Assignment Submission – Using the Hardy-Weinberg Equations Instructions: As you follow the Lab Walkthrough PowerPoint, you will be prompted to transfer answers to this graded handout. Ensure that you have transferred your responses to the appropriate place. Only the answers recorded in this handout will be graded. Upload this document to Blackboard where indicated. Counting Alleles and Calculating Allele Frequencies 1. Transfer the data recorded in the Excel spreadsheet for Uganda as indicated. Parents Generation Number of RR Individuals Number of Rr Individuals Number of rr Individuals 0 1 2 3 4 5 Alleles Contributing to the Next Generation Generation Number of R Alleles Number of r Alleles Frequency of R Frequency of r 0 1 2 3 4 5 2. Paste the graph generated by Excel for Uganda below. 3. Comment on the graph above. What trends are you seeing? Would you say this particular tree population has evolved over multiple generations? Explain your reasoning. 4. Transfer the data recorded in the Excel spreadsheet for Madagascar as indicated. Parents Generation Number of RR Individuals Number of Rr Individuals Number of rr Individuals 0 1 2 3 4 5 Alleles Contributing to the Next Generation Generation Number of R Alleles Number of r Alleles Frequency of R Frequency of r 0 1 2 3 4 5 5. Paste the graph generated by Excel for Madagascar below. 6. Comment on the graph above. What trends are you seeing? Would you say this particular tree population has evolved over multiple generations? Explain your reasoning. Applying the Hardy-Weinberg Equations 7. Record the expected (predicted) Hardy-Weinberg allele frequencies and calculate genotypic frequencies in the starting generation. Allele frequencies given in your starting population (Generation 0): p = frequency of allele R: f(R) =q = frequency of allele r: f(r) = Expected Hardy-Weinberg genotypic frequencies in the starting population (Generation 0): p2 = frequency of genotype RR: f(RR) = 2pq = frequency of genotype Rr: f(Rr) =q2 = frequency of genotype rr: f(rr) = 8. If the population is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what should the genotypic frequencies be in Generation 5 Expected f(RR) = Expected f(Rr) = Expected f(rr) = Determining if Evolution Occurred with Chi-squared Tests 9. Use the expected frequencies and the observed total number of trees you had in Generation 5 to determine how many trees of each genotype you expected see to see in Generation 5. (Note: refer to Lab Walkthrough PowerPoint Slide 50 for additional help.) Expected Number of RR trees: Expected f(RR) x (Total Number of Parent Trees in Generation 5) Expected f(RR) x Total Number of Parent Trees in Generation 5 = Expected Number of RR Trees Uganda x = Madagascar x = Expected Number of Rr trees: Expected f(Rr) x (Total Number of Parent Trees in Generation 5) Expected f(Rr) x Total Number of Parent Trees in Generation 5 = Expected Number of Rr Trees Uganda x = Madagascar x = Expected Number of rr trees: Expected f(rr) x (Total Number of Parent Trees in Generation 5) Expected f(rr) x Total Number of Parent Trees in Generation 5 = Expected Number of rr Trees Uganda x = Madagascar x = 10. Determine the Chi-squared (X2) value for both Uganda and Madagascar. The equation to use is below. A table has been constructed to guide you through solving for X2. Complete the table and solve for X2. (Note: refer to Lab Walkthrough PowerPoint Slide 52 for additional help.) Uganda Observed (O) Expected (E) O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E RR Rr rr X2 = Madagascar Observed (O) Expected (E) O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E RR Rr rr X2 = 11. Determine the critical X2 value for these data using the table below. Assume 1 degree of freedom and significance level of 0.05. (Note: refer to Lab Walkthrough PowerPoint Slide 53 for additional help.) Critical X2 = 12. Compare calculated and critical X2 values. Uganda Calculated X2 value: Critical X2 value: Madagascar Calculated X2 value: Critical X2 value: In order to reject the null hypothesis that our outcome was due to random chance (no evolution), a p-value should be less than 0.05. To reach this level of significance, the calculated X2 value needs to be larger than the critical X2 value. Reject the null hypothesis if X2calc > X2crit 13. If the null hypothesis is that there was no effect of selection on genotype frequencies, do you reject or fail to reject your null hypothesis? In other words, did natural selection significantly alter genotype frequencies in this scenario? Explain. Uganda: Madagascar