n your initial post, attach your Milestone Three submission. Make sure that it includes the "Discussion" section of the final project and incorporates feedback on the "Introduction" and "Analysis" sections (submitted for Milestones One and Two).
In response to your peers, be sure to give them substantive feedback that will help them improve their final paper. Note that your grade for this milestone assignment will be determined based on both the completeness of your initial post and the quality of your engagement in the peer review process.
Children’s recognition of emotion in music and speech This is a study on children for recognizing the feelings in acoustics and words. This can be studied from the facial expression of the children. This helps to identify the emotions which affect their social behaviours like fear, pleasure, annoyance and depression. But, reading the facial expressions to identify the emotion is very difficult and a complex process. These emotions develop and get reflected in the form of facial expressions in early childhood and in post natal life. While happiness, sadness and anger are the emotions which are developed at an early age, fears, disgust and surprises evolves later in the children. Also, according to study conducted by Widen & Russell, 2003, a child identifies positive facial emotions much earlier than the negative ones. According to the study conducted on 60 children between 3 to 15 years of age it was found that the accuracy of facial emotion recognition develops between 3 to 7 years of age. In other studies, it was believed to be developed between 7 to 10 years of age. The stage when facial expression develops significantly is between 6 to 15 years and during adulthood. In case of music it was found that emotions are developed in the children between three to five years and improves with age. Children within the age of 4 to 5 rates fast songs as happier emotions than slower songs. Moreover, children with age group of 4, 7 and 9 shows more perfection in identification of emotions in acoustics whether the melody is played in instrument or sung with gibberish lyrics. The study also found that three to four years of children labelled pleasure and sorrow in music based on its rhythm or mode, while the five year old children used only rhythm to establish emotions and six to eight used both rhythm and mode to identify feelings in music. Finally, when it is lyrics and music, children with age less than 6 years identifies emotions from the content of the lyrics or speech rather than music or acoustics. Hence, the result discovered was that children understand emotions in music are through understanding of language prosody which is through rhythm. Reference Europe’s Journal of Psychology; Facial Expression and Ability to recognize emotions from eyes or mouth in children; By Maria Guarnera, Zira Hichy, Maura I. Cascio; Stefano Carrubba; 2015; file:///C:/Users/Uer/Downloads/890-Article%20Text-4041-2-10-20150527.pdf SAGE Journals; Music & Science; Children’s recognition of emotion in music and speech; By Dianna Vidas, Genevieve A. Dingle, Nicole L. Nelson; March 12th 2018; https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2059204318762650#:~:text=Scherer%2C%201995).-,Musical%20cues%20of%20emotion,in%20music%20improves%20with%20age.&text=This%20developmental%20trend%20is%20similar,%2Ddirected%20or%20adult%2Ddirected. Introduction 12 Andrew Young Southern New Hampshire University MAT133: Introduction to Statistical Analysis [Instructor: Professor Katelyn Federico] 07/22/2020 Research Report: Into and Analysis Introduction One problem that we have in this country that continues to grow is our criminal incarceration rates. Even after a convict has done their time, they will often be under supervision(parole/probation) and they can remain there for years. All of this costs money from keeping prisons afloat, to paying probation officers to keep offenders in line after they leave confinement. How much does this all cost and how deep does the finances of all of this go? This article discusses “The growth in legal financial obligations (LFOs), such as fees, fines, and restitution resultant from conviction has important implications for offender reentry, particularly offender reintegration and opportunities for social advancement.” (Pleggenkuhle, 2018). The article goes in depth to look into these issues and uncover significant results. The purpose of this research is to indicate the what goes into LFO costs, why they are so expensive, and how this affects the offender after being charged with expensive LFO’s. There are a lot of individuals who are incarcerated in this country, and the main focus of this article investigates the details of who is incarcerated and why they were. Those incarcerated have varying sentence lengths, educational and financial backgrounds, and some have extensive records while others may be first time offenders. This article looks at incarcerations in the state of Missouri and focuses on court costs and convictions. Many ex offenders are taken into consideration for this research as well. There were 131 total offenders that were convicted of a felony that were researched in this paper. 55% were sex offenders, 45% were convicted of other personal offences. For those personal offences, 17.5% were for personal offences, 14.5% were for property offences, and 13% were convicted of drug offences, meanwhile 74.8% were under parole, 8.4% on probation, and 16 % were incarcerated. 1/3 of the offenders were white with an average age of 38 years old with an average prison sentence of 5.5 years. 60% had a high school diploma (Pleggenkuhle, 2018). These LFO’s can completely affect the lives of those convicted and not for the better. “Overall, LFOs diminished positive opportunities for offenders by compounding precarious financial states, limiting opportunities for upward social movement, and weakening positive cognitive change.” (Pleggenkuhle, 2018) 68% of offenders reoffend within three years of being released from prison. While many who reoffend do it because they wish to, many do so because they don’t feel they have any other option and their sentence prevents any opportunity to rehabilitate. The questions this paper wants to answer is how LFO’s affect those incarcerated ex-offenders depending on their circumstances in the long run and what the scope is for the offenders researched for this article. Analysis The researchers interviewed inmates with detailed interviews during an 8 month span between 2011 and 2012. The interviewers explained the purpose of the paper and asked permission to interview the offenders but could not have direct contact with those involved. The locations were the numerous probation and parole locations, including a community program center, a state-run transitional housing facility, and prison. Participants were asked the research questions and how LFO’s have affected them and costs of LFO’s were determined by child support, past convictions, restitution, and other court costs (Pleggenkuhle, 2018) Each interview was held in on site, private offices and lasted approximately one hour per interview (Pleggenkuhle, 2018). The questions were presented in a way that kept the question in topic but allowed it to be answered in the offender’s own words. They were asked about LFO’s, how it affected each one, and different factors for their LFO’s. Researchers believed ahead of time that most of the offenders interviewed would be affected by LFO’s of some kind that would affect them negatively in the long run. A lot of the court costs that didn’t particularly pertain to the offender such as restitution, child support, etc. That researches had to go on were documented. Researchers also suggested that sentencing fees that were documented and how they were reported were flawed and understated while personal factors would mostly be discovered by the offenders’ own tales and words to get accurate data. The researchers used analysis and data that they had acquired from their interviews with the offenders as well as the documented court costs and each interview and bit of data was documented and put into a data base. Question one was focused on “Context of Legal Financial Obligations”. Researchers discovered that they were correct. Most of participants (79.1 %) had LFO’s/sentencing costs of some kind. 85.1% were paying to the victim harm fund, 49.5 were paying for court costs, 32.4% were paying for representation fees, and 32% had to pay for additional costs such as jail housing. These really add up in the long run. Out of everyone interviewed, 71% had post supervision costs and 1/5 of those interviewed had a waiver for their fees. Meaning they had to pay it off in doses (like a car payment for example.) On average, participants paid “appriximately$70 per month”, though those costs doubled when child support was added on (Pleggenkuhle, 2018). Aditionally, many offenders owed a debt on average “US$1,700 (Mdn = US$375)” (Pleggenkuhle, 2018) in court fees that they described as mounting all at once during their court process having trouble paying it due to incarceration. Child Support nearly quadrupled the costs and was a huge factor in participants paying much higher amount of LFO’s. Question two focused on “Consequences of LFO’s” and once again, researchers were overall correct in their hypothesis. During their interviews, offenders described numerous long- term consequences in a social, economic, and identity fashion due to costs and LFO’s. The chart in the article puts the participants into two different barriers depending on their responses due to consequences of LFO’s: Structural Barries and Social Changes. Most offenders felt bogged down by Structural Barriers and were hurt by LFO’s and many offenders felt as though they had a much harder time recovering due to LFO’s ,though it must be noted that LFO’s were not the only factor in these financial struggles but was a very large one. “A dominant theme showed a general lack of economic capital and difficulty in meeting monthly payments; LFOs were no exception as approximately two thirds reported the delinquent status of their legal fees. Many of the respondents resided in low-income neighborhoods, relied on government assistance or other forms of government aid, and reported unstable employment.” (Pleggenkuhle, 2018). Participants also found it difficult to achieve desirable credit scores, jobs, housing, licenses and more. After incarceration and crippling payments, these factors really hurt participants and most of them feel that they are permanently in debt to the state and will never get ahead. Social Changes is also the other large boundary at play here. Many offenders found themselves dependent on different programs and welfare to get by. “Greater debts reinforced dependence on social support systems, perpetuated the criminal identity, produced negative emotional states, and threatened established social roles. The participants indicated these effects facilitated additional exclusion and further hindered the emotional state necessary for success post-conviction.” (Pleggenkuhle, 2018). Many of the participants felt as though the social barriers robbed them of independence and felt they were trapped in depending on others to get by while ex offenders were more likely to deny social help. Many also felt as though they could not enjoy any of their money for their hard work which in turn makes them often feel hopeless and they will never get to change that. Overall, the researchers hypothesis was correct. Everything that the researchers thought about LFO’s such as how many offenders were affected by them and how severely they were affected by them was overall correct. One thing that they did not fully predict was how much child support would cost in the long run for these offenders and how it affected their LFO’s. With child support, 70% of participants reported being in strong debt with their LFO’s. As a conclusion to their research, researchers have