My public health issue is child poverty in Colorado. I also attached the book that include chapter 9
Consider the public health issue you selected for your course project using the framework of Chapter 9 in
Global Public Health. As you think about your issue from a global perspective, what aspects of it have the most influence beyond your community and have implications for the global community. Think in terms of things like lifestyle, population dynamics, disease, climate change, disaster response, etc.
- With a focus on the entire planet, why does your topic matter?
- If you were to select a global public health issue to focus on, rather than a community public health issue, which one would you be most interested in and why?
- What do you think is the most pressing global public health issues we will be facing 50 years from today and why?
9780199751907.pdf GLO BA L P UB L I C H E A LT H This page intentionally left blank Global Public Health ECOLOGICAL FOU N DATI O N S Franklin White Lorann Stallones John Last 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data White, Franklin, 1946- Global public health : ecological foundations / Franklin White, Lorann Stallones, John Last. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–19–975190–7 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–19–987699–0 (ebook) I. Stallones, Lorann. II. Last, John M., 1926- III. Title. [DNLM: 1. World Health. 2. Ecological and Environmental Processes. 3. Public Health. WA 530.1] 362.1—dc23 2012032257 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 3 To our readers: the next generation of public health practitioners, whose decisions and actions will help secure sound public health capacities for all settings and a sustainable future globally. To our families, past and present, for their supportive infl uence: Franklin White—my long-deceased father, Professor Frank T.M. White, a mining and metallurgical engineer and geophysicist with a global outlook, who was determined to avoid what he saw as the “trap” of developing only within one culture, whether institution or country; my late mother, Tessie Marian, who built a loving, stable home for our family in several countries, and who expressed her appreciation of nature in her paintings; my sister, the late Hilary White-Nunn, a social worker and community development specialist who tirelessly challenged the status quo; my children Genevieve, Bernard, and Alexander, for ongoing inspiration as they shape their own lives in new directions; and my spouse, Debra Nanan, for her unfl inching support and wise counsel, a best friend and worthy colleague. Lorann Stallones—my father, the late Dr. Reuel A Stallones (“Stony” to his friends and colleagues), for serving as a mentor, advisor, and phenomenal teacher who showed me the magic world of public health; my mother, the late Joyce Graves Walchko, a grassroots activist helping women in Texas locate safe abortion clinics in Mexico during a dark time when abortions were illegal; and my children, the late John Byler Nuckols, who was so much like Stony in his love of learning how everything works and of books, Erin Lorann Nuckols, who is on a path to fi nd a more sustainable way of preserving our historical buildings and our future through living a green life, and Jesse Marie Nuckols, who deeply understands how to value and love all people, especially those with special needs who see the world in unique ways. John Last — To my family, and in loving memory of Wendy. This page intentionally left blank vii Contents Preface xiii 1. History, Aims, and Methods of Public Health 1 Defi nitions of Health 2 A Brief History of Public Health 3 Defi ning the Magnitude of the Problem 6 Determining the Causes, Risks, Protective Factors, and Population Aff ected 8 Safe Environments 9 Occupation and Disease 9 Th eories about Cause 10 Develop, Implement, and Evaluate Prevention Programs 12 Sanitation, Hygiene, and Health 12 Enhanced Immunity 14 Nutrition 16 Prudent and Accessible Health Care 18 Th e Modern History of Public Health 22 Disciplines in Public Health 24 Conclusion 25 2. Ecology and Public Health—Th e Science Base 26 Biological Environment 26 Physical Environment 29 Social Environment 31 Measuring Health 33 viii Contents Health Information Systems 34 Evidence-Based Public Health 34 Standards of Evidence 34 Aim of Evidence-Based Practice 36 Community-Based Participatory Research 38 Competencies in Public Health 38 Conclusion 40 3. Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Public Health 54 Ethical Th eory 55 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Article 25 56 Ethical Guidelines 58 Quarantine and Emergency Preparedness 60 Ethics and Environmental Health 62 Environmental Ethics 65 Mandatory or Voluntary Consent for Newborn Screening 66 Public Health Genomics 67 Moral and Political Responsibility for Childhood Obesity 68 Triage in Public Health Emergencies 69 Conclusion 70 4. Community Foundations of Public Health 73 What Are Communities? 73 Why “Community Health”? 74 How Does Community Health Diff er from Public Health and Hospital Services? 76 Nongovernmental Organizations and Voluntarism as a Community Force 77 Community-Based Health Services 78 New Trends in Organizational Forms and Functions—Shift ing Sands 81 Community Health as a Vital Ingredient in Health Reform 82 Fundamentals of Community Health—A Synthesis 87 Planning to Involve Communities 88 Th e Social-Ecological Model of Relationships 89 Involving Communities in Th eir Health—Selected Case Studies 91 Th e Importance of Leadership 101 Scaling Up: When Does It Apply, and How Can We Do It? 102 Sustainable Communities 103 Acknowledging Community Development—a Legacy 105 5. Assessing Population Health 106 Demography, Health Situation Analysis, and Public Health Surveillance 106 Role of Demography in Population Health 107 Contents ix Population Pyramids 108 Selected Demographic Case Studies 113 Case Study #1: Shift s in Sex Ratios in Asia 113 Case Study #2: Changing Ethnic Composition in the United States 115 Global Demographic and Population Health Resources Online 117 Decoding Global Health Patterns: Population Transition Th eories 118 Th e Health of Populations: Moving from Assessment to Action 120 Health Situation Analysis 121 Data Sources for Health Situation Analysis 122 Linking Health Situation Analysis to Public Health Action 128 Moving from Assessment to Action—Global Perspective 131 Th e Millennium Development Goals 131 Public Health Surveillance 134 6. Integrated Approaches to Disease Prevention and Control 144 Overlaps and Interactions Across Disease Groupings 146 Creating Useful Public