mPlease write in the format given in the instruction. And I want this to be full 2pages with title, introduction, methods, instruction, results, discussion, and literature cited.For the work cited, I want you to use the resource only from Le Boeuf Et Al. paper. Thank YOU!
Lab2.ESeal.K.2020 EVE 101 Spring 2020 Lab Assignment 2 Elephant Seal Carrying Capacity 1 Lab Report 2. Due April 22, before 8 AM. Reading: in Canvas. Le Boeuf BJ, Condit R, Morris PA, Reiter J. 2011. The Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris) Rookery at Año Nuevo: A Case Study in Colonization. Aquatic Mammals 37: 486-501 Recall our lecture material on the natural history of the northern elephant seal and its recovery from near extinction on our coastline. Early in the repopulation, each rookery underwent density independent, exponential growth. The early phase was followed by density dependence that trended toward a carrying capacity, rookery after rookery. This process moved northward as rookeries were re-established, and the most northerly rookeries are still in the early phases of recolonization. Growth is both endogenous, from births at the rookery and exogenous via immigrants. As rookeries fill up, they contribute emigrants to other rookeries. This emigration and immigration make for a metapopulation of northern elephant seals. You have also learned how density independent, environmental stochasticity that causes “wiggle” in density independent, exponential population growth as well as in populations at carrying capacity. This week we will explore reproduction, death, metapopulation ecology, and environmental stochasticity at K for the northern elephant seal populations on Año Nuevo Island and on the adjacent mainland. You will use LeBoeuf et al 2011 as your guide to show in graphical form and tell a concise story about these processes. Look for terms in LeBoeuf et al 2011 that you might use in your paper: immigration (external recruitment), age of female, local births (=local recruitment), crowding (the most immediate form of density dependence=intraspecific competition), emigration (females quitting their natal rookery (why, what kind of rookery did they move to, from where to where?), pregnancy rate, density independent influences (inclement weather (what kind and how did it work to affect population?). We will use weaned pups as the index of population. Learn what “weaned” means. Mention this in the methods. The final paragraphs of the discussion in LeBoeuf et al 2011 will be particularly useful to you. Your Report. As with everything that you write, your text should be in your own words with references to material placed in parenthesis, eg. (Le Boeuf and Laws, 1994). You will give the full citation to the work in the Literature Cited, as explained below. Format, font, and spacing to be used for every lab report, 12 font, single spaced text. Among the most economical fonts is Times Roman (the font here). You want to get in as much pertinent information as possible into your two pages of text and will be pinched for space to do so. Use the most economical style. Suggest that you indent the first line of each paragraph but do not skip lines between paragraphs or sections, as below. Submitted as pdf, please, to the assignment folder on Canvas. EVE 101 Spring 2020 Lab Assignment 2 Elephant Seal Carrying Capacity 2 The form of your report. On every page place your name then student number in the upper left- hand corner, first line. Center of page, first line “EVE101 Lab 2.” In the upper right-hand corner, lab time and TA’s name. Skip two lines. First page: Title (choose an interesting one), Introduction, and Methods. Introduction. labeled in bold. Begin your text on the same line as the label. In approximately five to 8 sentences give a big picture overview of the story of the recovery of the northern elephant seal followed by populations reaching carrying capacity in general, over all of the west coast. Make specific reference to the chain of causes of the near extinction, recovery, and what regulates seal numbers within rookeries to make for the carrying capacity. Explain why is this an important ecological and social issue? You may make reference to one or two of the most pertinent references in the introduction. Last sentence that this report will detail these processes in a particularly well-studied pair of adjacent rookeries. Methods. In a new paragraph following the label in bold, explain the methods used in gathering the data. Read the methods in LeBoeuf et al 2011. What did they measure? What are your variables, over what time interval did the study occur? Some details of how they census the seals. Why weaning is an instructive variable. The Title, Introduction, and Methods should end at the end of the first page. Page 2. Results and Discussion. Results. Give a matter of fact description of what your analysis of the data says (data is singular) in reference to your figures, pertinent to the questions that you are addressing. State the conclusion of your work in the final sentences of the results; No references to other papers in the results. Discussion. This section expands upon your results and interprets them in the broader context of evidence and interpretation from the paper and other studies. Do not repeat the introduction and results, instead write in a style that elaborates upon the results and the larger ideas in your title and introduction. The final paragraphs of the discussion in LeBoeuf et al 2011 will be particularly useful to you. Page 3 Your pair of arithmetic graphs with regression lines through the K region. Literature Cited is the last component of page 3. Limit your references to 5. Example (authors, year, title, journal, issue, pages). Condit, R., Le Boeuf, B. J., Morris, P. A., & Sylvan, M. (2007). Estimating population size in asynchronous aggregations: A model and test with elephant seal counts. Marine Mammal Science, 23(4), 834-855. EVE 101 Spring 2020 Lab Assignment 2 Elephant Seal Carrying Capacity 3 Data. islandmain.csv . These are a subset of the data from Table 1 in Le Boeuf et al. 2011 about the long-term study of the northern elephant seal on Año Nuevo Island and the adjacent mainland. Students and faculty at UC Santa Cruz have conducted this study. The video about elephant seals in your lecture gives lots of information about these animals, and many videos on the web show the seals of Año Nuevo Island and the adjacent mainland. See the code, K.AnoNuevo.2017.R Aquatic Mammals 2011, 37(4), 486-501, DOI 10.1578/AM.37.4.2011.486 The Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris) Rookery at Año Nuevo: A Case Study in Colonization Burney J. Le Boeuf,1 Richard Condit,2 Patricia A. Morris,1 and Joanne Reiter1 1 Institute for Marine Science, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 E-mail:
[email protected] 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948, USA Abstract Our aim was to examine the colonization process in a large mammal, documenting the development of a breeding colony from its inception to reach- ing equilibrium numbers. We describe the devel- opment of a colony of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) at Año Nuevo in cen- tral California from initial colonization in 1961 to 2010, a period when the worldwide population was expanding rapidly. We recorded pup produc- tion and pup mortality prior to weaning from cen- suses of animals by sex and age categories. Colony growth was rapid initially, and pup production reached approximately 2,700 births during the period 1995 to 2006. Pups born declined subse- quently. The pattern of colony growth and decline is explained by species-specific seal behavior; population variables that influence immigra- tion rates; and local environmental factors such as breeding space, animal density, and tidal and surf conditions at peak season that increase pup mortality. Colony growth was driven primarily by external recruitment of young females from large southern rookeries rather than internal recruit- ment. Births on the island segment of the colony, where breeding space was limited, peaked in 1980 then declined subsequently by 50% in association with increased density and pup mortality. Births on the adjacent mainland stabilized from 1995 to 2006, despite ample breeding space and low pup mortality; cessation of growth here was associ- ated with reduced external recruitment of females. Primiparous females pioneer the establishment of new colonies, settling new sites to avoid low weaning success in crowded natal rookeries where they are dominated by older females. We con- clude that the long-term study of the development of a single colony provides vital information on colony and population processes that have wide applicability to other mammals. The colonization of Año Nuevo recapitulated the process employed at other colonies during the recent growth and expansion of the population and signals the pat- tern to be expected in future colonies. Key Words: northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, colonization process, density- dependence, dispersion, immigration, recruitment Introduction The development of a mammalian breeding colony reveals vital information about the form and pat- tern of individual reproductive success, the opera- tion of variables that control colony growth, and the influence of fluctuations in population num- bers on peripheral colony development. Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) offer practical, economic, and scientific advantages for long-term monitoring of the colonization process in a large predator. Elephant seals breed annually at predictable times; colonies are discrete and acces- sible; and individuals can be identified and easily counted. Consequently, colony development can be documented more reliably than in many other marine and terrestrial mammals. The growth of the population since near extinction in 1884 and the subsequent recolonization of California from the mother colony in Baja California, Mexico, in the 20th and 21st centuries is a model of recov- ering and expanding mammal populations that is exceptionally well-documented (Townsend, 1885; Huey, 1930; Bartholomew &