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VIOLENCE AND ITS IMPACTS
Table of Contents
Introduction    3
Discussion    3
Forms and Significance of Domestic Violence    3
Global Statistics of Domestic Violence    3
Statistics of Domestic Violence: United Kingdom    4
Causes of Domestic Violence    4
Theories    5
Impact of Domestic Violence in a Wider Context    6
Conclusion    7
Website Evaluation    7
CARS Analysis    9
Recommendation    9
Conclusion    10
References (Part I)    12
References (Part II)    14
Introduction
Violence, as defined by the World Health Organisation, can be considered as the use of power or force in an intentional manner, on oneself or on another individual or even a community. The consequences of violence are extremely high as it can lead to health issues, injuries, psychological harm, maldevelopment, deprivation and even cause death of the victim. However, in case of domestic violence, the pattern of abusive behaviour is observed to be exerted by one or both partners in a relationship. There are a number of forms of domestic violence, which one performs and uses in order to manipulate or gain control over another individual.
Discussion
Forms and Significance of Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is inclusive of a number of forms. Issues such as physical aggression, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, controlling behaviour, economic deprivation, child abuse and abuse of the elderly generation can be considered under the term of domestic violence. Physical aggression can result in a number of physical injuries and is associated with the action of inflicting pain to another individual. Sexual abuse in the form of marital rapes can result in injuries, such as bruises, fractures and stabbings. It can also result in a lot of wear and tear of the vagina, which leads to vaginal tearing, bleeding, infection and chronic pelvic pain. Sexual abuse however, is not restricted to the adults, the children can also be the victims of physical aggression and sexual abuse as a part of domestic violence. Apart from the physical harm of the victims, the different forms of domestic violence can result in the development of psychological problems such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, Panic Attacks, Suicidal tendencies, Schizophrenia and so on. Even the individuals belonging to the older generations are also not able to escape from the ravages of domestic violence.
Global Statistics of Domestic Violence
From a number of surveys, it has been observed that in a developing country, such as India, 42% of the female respondents have collectively reported the incidences of experiencing some form of violence in their lifetime. In addition to that, 29% females reported that they have experienced physical violence, while 69% of women have reportedly experienced psychological abuse. It has been closely observed in the surveys, that around 11 to 13% of Mexican American women have been the victim of intimate partner abuse. In a similar survey, it has been observed that 10 to 17% of English speaking Latinos have had similar experiences of domestic violence. In addition to that, in countries such as Australia, Israel, Canada, South Africa and the United States, 40 to 70% of female murders have been performed by intimate partners. (UNITE FOR SIGHT, 2020)
Statistics of Domestic Violence: United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has also reported a number of cases of domestic violence mainly in England and Wales. The reports have been collected from the year 2020. Based on the Crime Survey for England and Wales, it has been observed that an estimate of 2.3 million adults, aged between 16 and 74 years have reported incidences of experiencing domestic violence in the previous year. It has also been observed that there has been a significant increase in the demand for domestic abuse victims support services, which is inclusive of 65% increase in the numbers of calls received from the victims on the National Domestic Abuse Helpline as noted between April and June 2020 (Office for National Statistics, 2020). The increase in the demand of domestic abuse victims service is suggestive of the fact that there is a significant increase in the severity of the abuse and a lack of available coping mechanisms.
Causes of Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is the resultant of multiple factors that play a significant role in a simultaneous manner. The psychological framework of the perpetrator plays a hugely significant role in the incidences of domestic violence across the globe. In addition to that, societal perspective and factors also play a hugely significant role in determining the cause of domestic violence. The societal perspective towards the wide acceptance of patriarchy can be considered to be one of the most prevalent underlying causes that is leading to issues of domestic violence. It is in this relation, the aspects of sexual domination and sexual overpowering come into the arena. According to Akhmedshina (2020), the issue of gender inequality is the root cause of domestic violence across the globe. It is primarily due to this psychological setup that men exert different forms of domestic violence on women, children as well as elderly individuals.
In the case of intimate partner violence or domestic violence, economic conditions play a telling role in the determination of the occurrence of violence. Economic aspects are also some of the effects of domestic violence. According to Purba et al. (2021), it has been observed that strong connections are discovered between the prevalence of domestic violence and low household income. Domestic violence is also strongly associated with the low education levels of the perpetrator, as observed by Lilley-Walker, Hester and Turner (2018). As observed by the scholars Easton, Craneand Mandel (2018), domestic violence is also closely related to consumption of alcohol and drugs as well as witnessing domestic violence during childhood.
Theories
The two theories that will be used in the discussion of domestic violence are Frustration-Aggression Theory and Social Learning Theory. The Frustration Aggression Theory is based on the basic understanding that when an individual is barred or restricted from achieving a particular goal, the frustration of not being able to gain something results in the transformation of frustration to aggression (ce4less.com, 2020). For instance, when an individual is forcefully hindered from achieving a certain purpose in life, he/she becomes extremely frustrated as a result of that. When the incidence of frustration continues for a certain span of time, the frustration slowly yet gradually transforms into aggression which can lead to violence. This can be considered as one of the root causes and reasons of violence of different forms.
The Social Learning Theory can act as a good theoretical framework for the understanding of violent and aggressive behaviour. Based on the basic tenets of the Social Learning Theory, it can be concluded that violence arises as a cumulative effect of a number of factors, which are inclusive of the contextual as well as the situational factors. The theory believes in the fact that human aggression and violence, similar to the other forms of social behaviour, is a learner conduct, that occurs as a result of stimulus, reinforcement and cognitive control (ce4less.com, 2020). Therefore, in order to understand the tenets of the Social Learning Theory, it can be said that violence and human aggression is similar to other forms of social behaviour which can be developed and inculcated through the help of a certain stimulus such as a trigger...