Module - Human haemotology and Clinical immunology 'Make a lab report on - Covid - 19 Total antibody ELISA'

Title: Covid - 19 Total antibody ELISA
Abstract    2
Introduction    2
Method    3
Results    4
Discussion    4
Conclusion    7
Reference    7
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent responsible for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus was initially discovered in Wuhan, China, and has since spread worldwide, including in the United Kingdom (Abbasi,2020). It can induce minor to severe respiratory sickness. Most likely, the infection spreads from person to person. The principal transmission methods are believed to be respiratory droplets or secretions released when infected individual coughs or sneezes. Although there is no information to describe the range of clinical illnesses linked to COVID-19, it is likely that when one person becomes unwell, whether they are symptomatic or not—fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, etc.—they will disseminate the sickness to others (Carrell et al,2020). Total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are found with the OmniPATH COVID-19 Total Antibody ELISA Test. The test is designed to identify antibodies that are qualitatively suggestive of current or past SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Introduction
End of 2019, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, experienced the emergence of a unique respiratory ailment. On January 7, 2020, Chinese authorities found that a novel coronavirus, now known as "2019nCoV," was the source of these severe pneumonia cases.
On December 31, 2019, Wuhan, China, saw the emergence of the first instances of contamination with a new coronavirus that was later known as SARS-CoV-2. Despite significant containment efforts, SARS-CoV-2 spread quickly internationally, and months later, it resulted in over 1 million cases with a verified mortality rate of 60,000 (Tré‐Hardy et al,2021).
Population quarantine (or "lock-down") tactics have been widely used in containment attempts to limit movement and cut down on personal contact. Diagnostic testing must be scaled up immediately, including mass screening and screening of specific high-risk categories (contact details of confirmed cases, healthcare workers, and their relatives), in addition to rigorous data collection on recent and historical SARS-CoV-2 exposure at the individual and community levels. This virus was designated SARS coronavirus ("SARSCoV2") by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses on February 11, 2020, because it shares genetic similarities with the coronavirus that caused the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic (Al-Jighefee et al,2021).
From January to March 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic resulted in over 1 million illnesses. Robust antibody detection methods are urgently required to help with diagnostics, the creation of vaccines, the safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit measures. Due to issues with sensitivity and specificity, the early potential of lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) instruments has been called into question. Real-time RT-PCR has been the primary technique used in laboratories to diagnose infections (Chau et al,2020). This technique uses swabs from the upper respiratory tract to target the infectious RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or nucleoplasm (N) genes. This results in diagnostic delays since it calls for specialised tools, trained laboratory personnel, and PCR reagents. Because infection rates in upper respiratory tract discharge peak during the first week of complaints but may have decreased below the detection limit in patients who appear later, RT-PCR from upper respiratory tract swabs may also be mistakenly negative due to quality or timing. RT-PCR does not reveal any information regarding earlier exposure or immunity in those who have recovered (Ejazi, Ghosh and Ali,2021).
Researchers employed a unique ELISA. Trimeric spike protein from recombinant SARS-CoV-2 was created, tagged, and purified. StrepMAB-Classic-coated Immuno plates were utilised to collect the tagged insoluble trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein before being treated with test plasma. Anti-human IgG or anti-human IgM coupled with ALP allowed for the detection of antibody interaction with the S protein.
Method
The plasma samples for this study included both positive from SARSCoV-2 RT-PCR-positive patients; n=40 and negative from samples banked in the UK before December 2019; n=142 SARS-CoV-2 results. Researchers used ELISA and nine different commercially available LFIA instruments to examine plasma for SARS-Cov-2 IgM and IgG antibodies (Padoan et al,2020).
Results
In comparison to 0/50 pre-pandemic controls, 34/40 people with an RT-PCR-confirmed diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2 infection had SARS-CoV-2 IgM or IgG detected by ELISA (sensitivities 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), and 0/50 had SARS-CoV-2 IgG detected by ELISA specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]. 10 days following the beginning of symptoms, IgG levels were found in 31/31 RT-PCR-positive patients (Harvala et al,2021). IgG titres increased in the first three weeks after the onset of symptoms and started to decline by week eight, but they stayed above the detection limit. Parameter estimates again for susceptibility of LFIA devices varied between 57 and 70% compared to RT-PCR and 65 and 85% compared to ELISA, with a specificity of 95 and 100%, respectively. The performance of most LFIA devices was comparable within the parameters of the study size (Padoan et al,2020).
Discussion
According to our investigation, there is a wide range of performance on the...