signals and systems
Microsoft Word - Assignment 1 ENS3553 - 2018 v0.9 ENS3553: SIGNALS & SYSTEMS ASSIGNMENT Due 5:00 p.m. Friday, 2nd November 2018 This assignment is worth 10% of the unit mark. This assignment is divided into 3 parts. Total 80 marks You will need to reference all external sources of information. IMPORTANT: Submission Instructions All assignment documents should be submitted via Blackboard. The link for submitting the assignment will be activated 2 weeks prior to the deadline. You should upload a suitably formatted report in Adobe PDF format (preferred) or as a Microsoft Word document (hard copies in the form of printed, handwritten or scanned reports will not be accepted). The report should document in detail your individual approach, work, results, and justified answers to the stated problems. While you are strongly encouraged to discuss this assignment with other students and with the teaching staff to better understand the concepts, the assignment is to be submitted under your name. It is assumed that you are certifying that the details are entirely your own work and that you played at least a substantive role in the conception stage. You should not use results from other students in preparing your solutions. You should not take credit for computer code or graphics that were generated by other students. You should also not directly share your solutions with other students. The teaching staff will check for similarities and you should be prepared to explain your answers and respond to other related questions that may be asked. You should also not use any other resources (including textbooks and websites) without explicitly acknowledging them and being able to explain their inclusion. The use of materials drawn from other sources without appropriate acknowledgement is plagiarism and consequences for such actions will apply. Refer to Academic Misconduct section at the end of the assignment. Analysing a system A vehicle suspension system can be modelled by the block diagram shown in Figure 1 below: Figure 1: Block diagram of vehicle suspension system In this block diagram, the variation in the road surface height � as the vehicle moves is the input to the system. The tyre is modelled by the spring and dashpot (damping) system with spring constant �� and damping coefficient �� respectively and this results in the displacement of the wheel (�), represented by the mass ��. The wheel’s displacement acts as an input to the suspension system, modelled by the spring and dashpot with spring constant � and damping coefficient � respectively and this results in the displacement ( ), of the body, represented by the mass ��. When the car is at rest, it is taken that � = 0, � = 0 and = 0. (Note: �� is normally a quarter of the vehicle mass since it is assumed the weight is distributed evenly between the 4 wheels. This system is composed of two mass-spring-damper systems ‘stacked’ one on top of the other. We shall first consider the behaviour of a single sub-system and then later attempt to combine these to find the overall system behaviour. Consider the simple mass-spring damper system shown in Figure 2 below: Figure 2: A single mass-spring-damper system In Figure 2: x is the position of input body/surface, with its rest position given by x = 0. The mass m represents the mass The height of mass m above its reference level is called y. The reference level is chosen such that when system is at rest, y = 0. Section 1: Mathematical Analysis of System (25 marks) 1. Draw a free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on the mass m shown in Figure 2. 2. From the earlier description, diagrams and the laws of Physics, show that the motion of the system in Figure 2 can be described by the LCCDE (linear constant-coefficient differential equation) below: �� ��� ��� + � � � ��� �� + � � ��� = � � ����� �� + � � ���� �1� 3. Using the Laplace transform of the equation above, find an expression for ���� , the system transfer function. The mass-spring-damper system is a damped second order system. It is common to express the homogenous second order DE for such a damped system as �� ��� ��� + 2��� � ��� �� + �� � ��� = 0 �2� where � is the damping ratio and �� is the undamped natural (resonant) frequency. 4. From equations (1) and (2), determine expressions for � (the damping ratio) and �� (the natural frequency) in terms of the parameters m, k and C 5. Determine the characteristic equation and eigenvalues (characteristic values) for this system based on equation (2) above. 6. From the answer to part 5, determine the natural response of the system for the following cases: a. � = 0 b. 0 < �="">< 1="" c.="" �="1" d.="" �=""> 1 Consider a suspension system with the following parameters: �� = 340 kg � = 21,000 N/m 7. Determine �� (in rad/s) for this suspension system and the corresponding value for �� (in Hz). 8. Calculate the required value of � in order to achieve � = 1 Note: Complete and clear working is required for all answers for this section. Section 2: System analysis using Matlab (30 Marks) In this section, the system responses should be analysed using Matlab. Refer to the document “A Brief MATLAB Guide” in order to understand how to represent LTI systems in Matlab, and hence how to determine impulse response, step response and frequency response of systems. Students are advised to refer to the help function within Matlab as well as online Matlab documentation for more details. MATLAB is installed in the engineering computer labs. Using the commands given in the Guide, analyse the response of the suspension system using the �� and � parameters given in Section 1 and � value calculated in question 8: 9. Plot the impulse response and step response of the system (for 2 seconds duration and time ‘step size’ of 1 millisecond) using the impulse and step functions. Include all plots (properly labelled) in your submission. 10. Determine the frequency response from 0 to 200 rad/s using the freqs command. Plot the magnitude and phase response over this frequency range. Hint: Use frequency ‘step size’ of 0.1 rad/s. Hint 1: You can plot all 4 graphs in one go using a 2 x 2 matrix of plots using subplot(22n), where n determines which of the 4 subplots gets used. Hint 2: In order to clearly see variations over a range of frequencies, it is best to use a log scale for the frequency and magnitude (phase would still be displayed using linear scale). The functions loglog (for magnitude) and semilogx (for phase) can be used instead of plot. 11. Determine the magnitude response at ��. Determine the frequency of the -3dB point (where magnitude = 1 √2⁄ ). Hint: Use the ‘data cursor’ tool on the plot of the magnitude response. It shows the x and y values of the plot as you move along the curve. 12. Discuss the response of the system. Why do the impulse and step responses have that particular shape? How well will this system fulfil its purpose of a vehicle suspension? Note: The function of a suspension system is to ‘filter out’ the effect of bumps, potholes and other such vibrations, but allow the vehicle to ‘follow the road’ as the height of the road surface varies. 13. Repeat the analysis above (steps 9 – 11) for the following damping ratios a. � = 0.5 b. � = 0.7 c. � = 1.5 Hint 3: It would be more efficient to put all the necessary commands into a script file (a .m file) so you can edit the parameters and then run all the commands at once. 14. Based on the results of the Matlab analysis above, which of the 4 values of damping ratio would be best for application as a suspension system. Justify your selection. Section 3: Including the wheel & tyre response in the analysis (25 marks) The tyre and wheel assembly can also be modelled as a mass-spring-damper system (refer to Figure 1). The parameters for a wheel and tyre system are as follows: �� = 45 kg �� = 192,000 N/m �� = 100 Ns/m 15. Based on the parameters above, determine the natural frequency of this system �� 16. Find the impulse response, step response and frequency response of the system (same as in steps 9 – 10). 17. Do the impulse and step responses look like what you would expect from a vehicle wheel? Discuss any differences and reasons for them. (Hint: Refer to Tutorial 7 Question 7 solutions). 18. The frequency response of a ‘cascade’ system, such as this suspension and wheel combined system, can normally be worked out by combining the frequency response of the individual subsystems. Combine the frequency responses obtained in Sections 2 and 3 to find a predicted overall system frequency response (plots of combined magnitude and phase responses). 19. Discuss the overall frequency response found using this method and its validity. 20. Analysis of such suspension systems sometimes ignore the effect of the tyre’s ‘spring and damper’ effect. Discuss the impact of this based on your previous results. ASSIGNMENT 1 MARKING SCHEME Section 1: Mathematical Analysis (25 marks) Description Marks Free body diagram 3 Deriving DE formula 4 System transfer function 2 Expressions for damping coefficient