MEDS2153/2154 Advanced Laboratory Medicine: Final Project Report: To be submitted by the end (Sun) of Week 12 before midnight via Turnitin in Canvas. You have already done a background introduction as...

IHC
IHC
Healthcare:
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Abstract
IHC has a wide range of uses in skin tumors, but when "extra-skin" lesions (for example metastatic cancer, soft tissue tumors, and hematological malignancies) enter the differentiation stage, the role of IHC is particularly obvious. However, the overuse of biomarkers or unknowingly use of biomarkers may create diagnostic traps, which may be dangerous. This research is the progress of immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel to detect and distinguish SCC from other skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma as well as melanoma. Immunohistochemistry technology is very helpful in detecting several kinds of skin cancer with help of several antibodies. At several times, many types of research have been conducted to evaluate the testing of IHC technology or its outcomes.
Contents
Introduction    4
Methods & Materials    4
Results    4
Tissuemicroarray (TMA) construction    6
Immunohistochemical analysis    7
Statistical analysis    7
Discussion    8
Conclusion    9
References    10
Introduction
Immunohistochemistry is a significant aid in the diagnosis of skin tumors. Additionally to the several established IHC markers presently in use, innovative markers are still emerging, although their common acceptance, as well as routine application, needs reliable verification. Here, we summarize the complete and most generally used biomarkers, as well as a series of new biomarkers reported in the past few decades. These markers have shown or have high clinical prospects in the field of skin pathology. It is necessary to pay attention to the function of IHC in the differential diagnosis of the following types of skin lesions: melanoma, epidermal tumor with an intraepithelial-like pattern, spindle cell lesion of the dermis, small round blue cell tumors of the dermis, or adnexal tumors of the skin. Although the routine practice of skin pathology mainly depends on histological findings moreover clinical conditions, IHC will still be a significant auxiliary tool for diagnosing complex cases, staging tumors and identifying genetic variants of therapeutic significance.
Methods & Materials
Study design
Research has been conducted based on the statement of the report of the preferred report of the systematic review
Strategy for literature search
Search for related published articles in different digital bibliographic databases; PubMed / Medline, Scopus and Ovid; Timetable from 2010 to April 2020. These databases are searched using a set of text keywords and medical subject terms. These keywords can be used alone or in different combinations.
Study selection
Determine the eligibility of the study based on the adopted inclusion/exclusion criteria. According to the research report, we used an automatic staining machine (Dako, Carpinteria, California) to incubate the primary antibody according to the supplier's protocol. Use Chemmate EnVisionTM (DAKO) detection method. On the other hand, non-English publications are not included and will not be translated. In order to analyze the immunohistochemistry group to distinguish between AC and SCC, we performed multivariate analysis using Logistic regression analysis. In order to compare between models, cross-validated ROC-AUC is used as an index to measure the prediction performance. In addition, classification and regression tree analysis were performed. We pruned and selected trees based on 10-fold cross-validation.
Data extraction and management
Data was extracted from the included studies and then stratified in standard Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. The applicability of the included studies was estimated based on STHC's IHC observational study report.
Results
Melanoma is the most extreme or deadly kind of skin malignant tumor, causing about 78% of skin cancer-associated deaths internationally. The best treatment as well as patient prognosis for melanoma depends heavily on early recognition or perfect diagnosis (1). Given the great histological diversity of melanoma, treatment can be very challenging. Now, melanocyte lesions are the second-largest source of the surgical pathology after breast lesions. The use of melanocyte IHC marker group can be used as a very valuable auxiliary method for the diagnosis of melanoma by eosin and hematoxylin morphology, although the routine examination of most melanocyte lesions in some laboratories seems it is routinely used. Therefore, strict and informed collection of cases that need IHC as diagnostic aid is essential (2).
Non-melanocyte histology mimics. HMB-45 has additional use in distinguishing benign melanocytes from malignant melanomas because as the depth/maturity of the lesions increases, benign lesions (such as dermal nevi) tends to show reduced expression, while melanomas usually Show reliable staining in deeper parts. Nevertheless, there are many exceptions, especially in some mole variants of melanoma. In the establishment of benign and malignant lesions, the expression (and lack of) expression must never become a single and main criterion (3). IHC can also be used to measure the confluent (continuous/continuous) junctional growth of melanocyte proliferation or page-to-like spread in the epidermis to help rule out or rule out primary melanoma or the cause of worrying complex melanocyte lesions. Even if MART-1 is extremely and broadly used for this function, the degree of fusion growth might be overvalued as a result of positive staining and/or false positive "over staining" of the dendritic process of melanocytes that wrap around keratinocytes. IHC for keratin might be also helpful because it provides a negative reflection of the proliferation of melanocytes in the epidermis (4). It is worth noting that it is important to pay attention to some reports of heterodifferentiated melanomas expressing vimentin, keratin, EMA, and SMA, which may cause difficult diagnostic defects, especially In the case of metastatic malignancies; it further emphasizes the rate of evaluating a set of chosen biomarkers when faced with challenging probable melanocyte differentiation.
Studies have shown that immunohistochemical markers of proliferation have a potential role in the staging of initial cutaneous...