Mark Orbe (1995, 1998) extended Kramarae’s ideas to African-American and other groups. Dominant White European culture created the illusion that all AfricanAmericans, regardless of gender, age, class,...

Mark Orbe (1995, 1998) extended Kramarae’s ideas to African-American and other groups. Dominant White European culture created the illusion that all AfricanAmericans, regardless of gender, age, class, or sexual orientation, communicate in a similar manner. Instead, Orbe points out, muted groups may communicate in various ways, including downplaying differences or avoiding interaction with the dominant group.