Luke listened to a lecture in his history class that he found very confusing, but at the end of the class when the professor asked whether there was anything students didn’t understand, Luke didn’t...

Luke listened to a lecture in his history class that he found very confusing, but at the end of the class when the professor asked whether there was anything students didn’t understand, Luke didn’t raise his hand. Because no other hands were raised, Luke assumed that other students had understood the material and that he just didn’t pay enough attention. In fact, many students hadn’t understood the material and were in the same situation as Luke. This is an example of:

a. empathy-altruism hypothesis.

 b. reciprocity norm.

 c. social exchange.

d. pluralistic ignorance.