List and describe some forms of corruption committed by CO’s. HTML Editor 12. What are some ways to reduce corruption in the prison environment? HTML Editor 13. Describe the discretion of probation...

List and describe some forms of corruption committed by CO’s.
Corruption committed by CO’s or the correctional officer falls under various categories as described
below:
 Misuse of authority: Under this category corruption amounts to accepting favours (monetary
and non-monetary) for protecting illicit affairs or for special consideration for legitimate
purposes, mismanagement of prison, and harassment or extortion of prisoner etc.
 Embezzlement or fraud / cheating
 Trafficking, and
 Theft
 Using the power arbitrary for giving and receiving favours
 Abusing the duty for personal gains (both monetary and non-monetary)
Corruptions by COs are the result of the following:
 Low pay
 Low education
 Reciprocity
 Friendship
 Gang membership, and
 Opposite sex
What are some ways to reduce corruption in the prison environment?
Following are the key steps to reduce corruption in prison environment:
 Development and enforcement of a strict, zero-tolerance policy on corruption, that should
clearly define what is meant by the corruption, and the kind of penalties associated with it.
Once the policy is formulated, training should be provided to all the interest groups before
its enforcement.
 A proactive and a robust method should be established by the agency, to detect report and
investigate corrupt practices.
 Correctional administrators should attempt to improve management of material practices in
the prisons.
Describe the discretion of probation and parole officers and provide examples of ethical and
unethical applications of discretion?
Probation and parole officer possess great deal of discretions in matters of violations. Although the
offenders can be charged and arrested for every violation they do. However, theses officers before
taking any step generally weight the severity of the case, and the risk the violation by the offenders
presents to the society.
Ethical application of discretion can be when an officer doesn’t find the charge substantiate enough
to book the offender, thus after giving a warning to the offender he leaves him/her.
Unethical application of discretion can be when the officer even though finds a charge that is
enough to book the offender, upon accepting a favour (monetary) from the offender and abstains
from taking an action against him/her.
Discuss ethical issues for probation and parole officers and differentiate.
Ethical issues arise in the probation or parole officers’ ability to file violation reports or (for
probation officers) recommend sentencing in that there are ethical and unethical criteria for such
decisions. There is also discretion in managing the caseload, including issues of gratuities,
relationships with clients, and when family or friends expect special favours or treatment.
Some probation or parole officers encounter ethical conflicts when they seek part-time employment
at counselling centres. They may have counselling or drug treatment licenses that allow them to run
groups and engage in individual counselling to earn extra income. This becomes an ethical issue
when their part-time employment may involve working with correctional clients.
Describe the types of...