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attachedLaboratory Section: ________ _  Score/Grade: __________ _  LAB EXERCISE  Video  bF). there is little heal because  there are su few u10leculos oJ that allilude. The gases  that make up air create pressure th.rough their  motion, size. and number. This pressure is exortfici  Oil aU surfaces in contaGI with Lhe air. 'The weigh I of  Key Terms and Concepts  Lhe Al mosphere, oi· air pressure, axerL~ an average  force of approximately I kg/cm2 (14.7 lh/in2) at sea  level. Under Lhe acceleraUon of gravity, air is com- pressed and therefore denser near Earth 's surface.  The atmospbel'A rapidly thins with inr:reasecl alti- tude, a decrease tbal is measurable because air  exerts Us weigh1 as pressure. Cunseguenlly, over  half ilia total mass of the atmosphere is compressed  below 5500 m (rn.uuo ft), 75% is compressed below  10,700 rn (35,105 fl) , llllcl 90% is compressed below  16.000 m (52,500 Et). All but 0.1% is beJow an alti- Ludu of 50,000 m (l63,6B0 ft). or 50 km (31 mi).  In Lnb Exercise 10 we examine Earth's atmo- spht1ric temparalure and pressurn patterns. Lab  Exercise 10 features three SP,ction.s.  air pressure  aneroid barometer  barometer  mesosphere  standard ntmosphere  stratopause  llionnusphero  tropopause  troposphere  mercury barometer  mesopause  ~EV  s tralos phere  thormopause  conrApts  After completion otthls lab, you should be able to:  • Graph alt1tudlnal temperature changes In the atmosphere.  • Demonstrate pressure trends with altitude.  • Explain the standa~d atmosphere concept and plot key elements on a graph.  • Locate a properly installed barometer (and, 1f necessary, a thermometer) and obtain data over a 3-day period,  Materials/Sources Needed  pencil  culured p1molls  Copyright© 2018 Pearson Educa1ion, Inc.  calcu lator  texthnok  Lab Exercise 10: Earth's Atmosphere 75  I Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory  Lab Exercise and Activities  Temperature Profile of tha Atmosoherfl  lfasod on tom11Rmture. the atmusplwre is divided  into four distinct zones 11r lovers: the thermospht!re,  mesosphere, stratosphere, 1md tropos phere. Thu  lrnnsilion a:rco al Lbe top of each touq;u1'nh1re region  is naurnri using ll,e sulfi.x -pause, which means "Lu  cause to change." i.e., thermopause, m.esopause,  stralopause. und tropopause.  Teinperaluros in Lhe lnwor atmosphere clo 1101  simply decline with altilude, for il is moro complex  than this and actually varies. ln Iha upper atmo- sphere Lhe lflmporatw·e profilu shows that tempera- lures rise sharply in t.bt1 thormosphoro, up to 1wn~c:  (2200°FJ and higher. However, womusl usf! diJJorenl  concepts of "tomperaturo" and "heat" to unrlerstund  I.his u[er.t. Tho intense rad int ion in lhls portion of  the 11lmosphcro excites individual molocules (nitro- gen uncl oxygen) u11d atoms (u.xygen) to high levels  of vilirotion. Tlilti kinetic P.nRrgy, llio energy ol  motion, is the vibrational unu1-gy staled as "tempera- ture," However. tho density of L.he moletules is so  low that littlo actual heul is produced. Heu ting in Lhe  lownr almnsphurn nem· Ell1'th's sw•f11r.e differs  bucrrnse t.be grflAler numhor nf moloc,dos in the•  denser almosplrnre Lra:nsmil their kinetic energy as  sensihle /uwr, moaning Uiat Wt! can senso it und mea- sure it. rlgurr 10 1 gives ynu Urn genernl trend rnr  lhis lemperatmo prnfiJu that you specifically plul in  thLc; section using rlata from Table 10.1.  TABLE 10.1 Standard temperature values for the atmosphere  Boundary of Atmosphere Altitude Temperature  Therrnopa use 480 km (300 mi) I200°c (2200°F)+  Mesopause 80 km (50 rnl) -90°c (-130"F)  Stratopause 50 km (31 rn1) o·c (32°n  Tropopause 18km(11 mI) -57°C (-70°F)  Surtace (No I lem1s.) Sea level 1 s•c (59°F)  t. Using tho graph in l'igu re 10. I , plot Lhe stuntl11rd lemperatme values given in Toble L0.l. (Tho sea level  value has boon rJ0 11e for yo11.) Allor yo11 plot Lhe rlAla points, counecl LhH1n with o line greph lo com- plete lbu profifo. Label UIB Layors or t.be almol'!pboro and llm b:ansilion areB.'l ut lhfl lop of eocb layer.  Analysis uncl r.omplotion questions about tho standard lompornture profile.  2. Briefly explain why the tamporalure d0crouses A$ altitude lncreasos in tho lroposphero (at the normal  lupl'IA rato).  J. Why do tornperaturus Increase tliro11ghoul 111ost of 1110 slratosphorn? SpedJ1r.ally d.isctisA lhe process  thal produces this warming llffoct.  76 Copy11ght l!ll 2018 Pearson Education, Inc  480  320  160  {:? 80  Q) -Q)  E  0  ~ · 50  20  10  0  '  "- '  "',.  '- I',.  C0 -90°  F0 - 130°  -650 -400  -850 -400  Th ermopause  - 15° 0°  5° 32°  /  V  5° 10° 15° 25°  41 ° 50° 59° 77°  A Figure 10.1 Atmospheric temperature profile graph  Copyright© 2.018 Pearson Education, Inc  Lab Exercise 10: Earth's Atmosphere  /  'v  400°  752°  300  200  -....  '  100  -....  I"..  50  31  I',.  I"- 12.4  6.2  0  800° 1200°  1472° 2190°  77  I Applied Physical Geography: Geosystems in the Laboratory  4 . Briefly explain why temperulutes increaso in Lhe lhermosphere.  Air Pres uro  Any instrumonl that moasures air prossure is cu lled  a haromeler. One type of barometer usus a r.olumn  of mercury I hat is coun terbalanced by lbe mass of  surrou:nding air exerting an equivalent pressurfl on  a vessel of mercury lo which the column is attached.  The mercury barometer was developlald by Ev1mge- lista Torrir.elli in 1647. Mercury barometers are rarc:ly  used in schools beca11Sfl of the toxicity of mercury.  A more common lypfl of baromelor, the aneroid  barometer, is a small chamber thal is partially emp- tied of air. sealed, and connected to 1:1 mechanism  that is sensitive lo c-.hanges in air pressure. As nir  prnssure varies, the mechanism responds.  Altimetry is Lhe measurement of altitude using  air pressure. A pressu.re u.lLimeter is an instrumenl  that measures allilude basod on a strict relalionship  betwecu air pressure and alLitude. Air pressure is  meaRured within lhe altimeter by un aneroid  h1uome1er capsu le, witb tho iustrmnent grad1rnted  in increments of altitude. A pilot must r.onstantly  adjust Uie altimotor, or "zero" lhe al timeter, during  flight as atmospheric densities change with air  lomperaturo. Anolher type of altimeter-a radar  allimeler- seods anrl receives radJo wavelengths  between the p lw10 and the ground to deteunino  aJtltude.  NonnaJ sea level p-ressure is expressed as 1 O l3.2 mb (millibars) of mercury (o way of expressing forco  per square meler of surface area). Al sea level standard atmospheric pressure is exprnssed in several ways:  • 14,7 ll,/in2 (pounds per square inch. or psi)  • 29.9213 inches of mercury (in Hg)  • l 013.250 millibars (mb)  • 101.325 kilopasca.ls (1 kiJoposcal = 10 miUihors)  Some convenient conversions are hel pful:  • 1.0 in Hg= 33.87 mb = 25.40 mm llg = 0.49 lb/in1  • 1,0 mb = 0.0295 in Hg= 0.75 mm Hg= 0.0145 lb/in2  The standnrd atmosphere for pressure in millibHrs end uJlitude in kilunrnters is given in Table 10.2.  This is used in the activity that follows lhe table.  78 Copyright C 2018 Pearson Education, Inc  Lab Exercise 10: Earth's Atmosphere  TABLE 10.2 Standard atmosphere for pressure and altitude  Altitude (km)  0,00  a.so  1.00  I 50  2 00  2.50  3 00  4.00  5 00  6 .00  7.00  8 00  9.00  70  60  50  40  ~  .....  30  ~  i  25 E  0  ~  20  15  10  ,_ - - - 5  0  a 100 200  Pressure (mb)  101"3.25  954.61  898.76  845.59  795.01  746.91  701 21  616 60  540.48  472 17  411.05  356 51  308 00  ,- _,_  300 400 500  Millibars  Altitude (km)  10.00  12.00  14.00  16.00  18.00  20,00  25.00  30.00  35.00  40.00  50.00  60.00  10.00  r- --- 600 700  ,_  800  Pressure (mb)  - 900  264,99  t93.99  141 .70  103.52  75.65  55.29  25.49  11 .97  5.75  2.87  0.79  0.23  0.06  44  31  >  25  --- 12.4  6.2  0  1013.2  &. rigure 10.2 Atmospheric pressure profile graph-1he standard almosphere--from the surface to 70 km,  Copyright

Laboratory Section: ________ _ Score/Grade: __________ _ LAB EXERCISE Video b F). there is little heal because there are su few u10leculos oJ that allilude. The gases that make up air create pressure...

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