Kruger and Dunning XXXXXXXXXXpublished a paper called “Unskilled and unaware of it,” in which they examined the hypothesis that people who perform badly on tasks are unaware of their general logical...

Kruger and Dunning (1999) published a paper called “Unskilled and unaware of it,” in which they examined the hypothesis that people who perform badly on tasks are unaware of their general logical reasoning skills. Each student estimated at what percentile he or she scored on a test of logical reasoning. The eleven students who scored in the lowest quartile reported a mean estimate that placed them in the 68th percentile. Data with nearly the same mean and standard deviation as they found follow: [40 58 72 73 76 78 52 72 84 70 72.] Is this an example of “all the children are above average?” In other words is their mean percentile ranking greater than an average ranking of 50?