Judge whether or not each of the following arguments is deductively valid. Explain the reasons for your decision in each case. 8.4.1 Tom hates everyone Mary loves and Mary loves Tom. So Tom must hate...

Judge whether or not each of the following arguments is deductively valid. Explain the reasons for your decision in each case.

8.4.1 Tom hates everyone Mary loves and Mary loves Tom. So Tom must hate himself.

8.4.2 The butler was in the pantry. In that case he couldn’t have shot the master, who was in his study. So the butler couldn’t have done it!

8.4.3 Questions appendix, passage 3.

8.4.4 Questions appendix, passage 29.