its an exam , quiz with 20 multiple questions. attach is a sample of questions that may come in the quiz
1. The Products of meiosis - Four haploid daughter cells that are different from each other and the parent cell. 0. The products of mitosis - Two diploid daughter cells that are both identical to the parent cell. 0. Definitions and differences between germ cells and gametes - germ cells are the cells that produce gametes through meiosis. Germ cells are diploid. Gametes are the haploid reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that are the end product of meiosis. pg. 136 and 155 in OpenStax. 0. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes - Proto-oncogenes are genes that encourage or prompt cell division to take place. When functioning properly, a cell will not go through mitosis without a signal from a proto-oncogene. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit (prevent) cell division. When functioning properly, a cell will not continue to divide uncontrollably because these genes arrest/halt the cell cycle. In order to develop cancer there must be mutations in both a proto-oncogene(s) and tumor suppressor gene(s). See pgs. 143-144 in OpenStax. 0. The purpose of meiosis - The purpose of meiosis is to produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm), which can be used in sexual reproduction. 0. The purpose of mitosis - The purpose of mitosis is to allow organisms (not individual cells) to grow and to replace old and/or dysfunctional cells. 0. The Stages of the Cell Cycle - Review pgs. 137-143 in OpenStax. The cell cycle starts with interphase which consists of G1, S, and G2. Interphase is followed by mitosis, then cytokinesis, and we return to G1. This is a great website to visit to learn more about the cell cycle: http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm 0. The Stages of Meiosis - These are prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II. Remember that in meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated (reduction division) and in meiosis II, sister chromatids are separated. You should be familiar with what happens to the chromosomes in each stage as well as be able to look at a cell image and determine which stage of mitosis it is in. Review pgs.157-161 in OpenStax. Also, http://www.cellsalive.com/meiosis.htm and http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/meiosis are good additional resources. 0. The Stages of Mitosis - These are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. You should be familiar with what happens to the chromosomes in each stage as well as be able to look at a cell image and determine which stage of mitosis it is in. Review pgs. 138-140 in OpenStax. Also, http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm and Scitable Cell cycle link are good additional resources. 0. Diploid vs. Haploid cells- Diploid cells contain two copies of every chromosome. These are somatic and germ cells in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Haploid cells only contain 1 copy of each chromosome (gametes - sperm and eggs). pg. 136 in OpenStax. 0. The status of DNA throughout the cell cycle -During the S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA is in a loose pile and unwound from the histone proteins. This allows the replication machinery greater access to the DNA it is replicating. Throughout the rest of the cell cycle and especially during M phase, the DNA is wound around the histone proteins. This tightly compacts the DNA molecules and makes them easy to move as the cell is dividing. It is easier to pack your clothes into a suitcase or duffle bag (DNA wound around the histones) than it is to travel with your clothes in a big pile (unwound DNA). pg. 138 in OpenStax. 0. Non-disjunction - This occurs when chromosomes fail to separate properly during anaphase. The resulting daughter cells do not have the correct number of chromosomes (too many or too few). Not having the correct number of chromosomes is called aneuploidy. Pgs. 164-166 in OpenStax. 0. The advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that it leads to increased genetic variability. Pgs. 153-154 in OpenStax. 0. The steps in binary fission (the way prokaryotic organisms divide) can be reviewed on pgs 145-146 in OpenStax. 0. The fissure that forms at the beginning of cytokinesis as a result of the actin filaments pulling the cell’s equator inward is called the cleavage furrow. Pg 140 in OpenStax. 0. Predict the Outcome of Genetic Crosses - To get very good at this you need to practice! You should consider the genotypes involved, whether the traits are simple dominant vs. recessive, codominant or incomplete dominant. You should be able to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring if given the parents info and vise versa. For more practice go to: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_2.htm, http://www2.edc.org/weblabs/Punnett/punnettsquares.html. 0. Genotype vs. Phenotype - Genotype refers to the DNA (genes) an organism has for any given trait while phenotype refers to the express protein (visible trait) of the gene. Pg. 178 in OpenStax. 0. Genetically modified plants are covered on pgs. 234-235 in OpenStax. Many of the defining features of there plants are found here. 0. Definition of Homozygous and Heterozygous - Remember that diploid cells have two copies of each gene. When they have two copies of the same allele, it is referred to as homozygous. When they have two different alleles for a gene it is called heterozygous. “Homo” means the same, and “hetero” means different. pg. 178-179 in OpenStax. 0. A test cross is a cross of an F1 hybrid to a homozygous recessive individual. See pgs 181-183 in OpenStax. 0. Autosomal vs. sex-linked traits - Autosomal traits are those, which are encoded on the non-sex chromosomes (i.e. the autosomes). In humans this is chromosome pairs 1-22. Sex-linked traits are those, which are encoded on the sex chromosomes (X and Y). In humans this is chromosome pair 23. Pgs. 165 and 189 in OpenStax. 0. A monohybrid cross is a cross between two organisms who only differ in a single trait (mono means one). A dihybrid cross is one that occurs between two individual organisms that differ in only two traits (di means two). Mono for a single gene cross and di for a double gene cross. Pgs. 180 and 184 in OpenStax. 0. Review epistasis and polygenic inheritance on pg. 192 in OpenStax. Polygenic inheritance refers to traits (phenotypes) that are controlled by multiple genes. In epistasis one gene will interfere with the expression of another gene. 0. Definition of Linked Genes - Linked genes are ones that do not assort independently of each other due to their close proximity on the chromosome. See pg. 191 in OpenStax. 0. Mitochondrial DNA is most often used in the study of evolutionary relationships. Pg. 242 in OpenStax.